English Synonyms and Antonyms by James Champlin Fernald (best ebook reader for laptop TXT) 📕

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is one of the most common of errors, and one of the most difficult to avoid, while their right use gives to style cohesion, firmness, and compactness, and is an important aid to perspicuity. To the text of the synonyms is appended a set of Questions and Examples to adapt the work for use as a text-book. Aside from the purposes of the class-room, this portion will be found of value to the individual student. Excepting those who have made a thorough study of language most persons will discover with surprise how difficult it is to answer any set of the Questions or to fill the blanks in the Examples without referring to the synonym treatment in Part I., or to a dictionary, and how rarely they can give any intelligent reason for preference even among familiar words. There are few who can study such a work without finding occasion to correct some errors into which they have unconsciously fallen, and without coming to a new delight in the use of language from a fuller knowledge of its resources and a clearer sense

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in a foreign country cease to be an alien in that country? 5. How do foreign and alien differ in their figurative use? EXAMPLES.

By —— hands thy dying eyes were closed

··· By —— hands thy humble grave adorned
By strangers honored and by strangers mourned.

What is religion? Not a —— inhabitant, nor something —— to our nature, which comes and takes up its abode in the soul.

—— from the commonwealth of Israel and —— from the covenants of promise.

ALIKE (page 30). QUESTIONS.

1. How does alike compare with similar? with identical? 2. What is the distinction often made between equal and equivalent? 3. What is the sense of analogous? (Compare synonyms for ANALOGY.) 4. In what sense is homogeneous used?

EXAMPLES.

Sometimes gentle, sometimes capricious, sometimes awful; never the —— for two moments together.

Fashioned for himself, a bride;
An ——, taken from his side.
ALLAY (page 31). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the distinction between allay and alleviate? Which word implies a partial[390] removal of the cause of suffering, or an actual lightening of the burden? 2. With which of the above words are we to class appease, pacify, soothe, and the like? 3. With what words is alleviate especially to be grouped? (See synonyms for ALLEVIATE.)

EXAMPLES.

Such songs have power to ——
The restless pulse of care,
And come like the benediction
That follows after prayer.

Many a word, at random spoken
May —— or wound a heart that's broken!
ALLEGE (page 31). QUESTIONS.

1. Which is the primary and which the secondary word, allege or adduce? Why? 2. How much of certainty is implied in allege? 3. How much does one admit when he speaks of an alleged fact, document, signature, or the like?

EXAMPLES.

In many —— cases of haunted houses, the spirits have not ventured to face an armed man who has passed the night there.

I can not —— one thing and mean another. If I can't pray I will not make believe!

ALLEGORY (page 33). QUESTIONS.

1. How does allegory compare with simile? Simile with metaphor? 2. What are the distinctions between allegory, fable, and parable? 3. Under what general term are all these included? 4. To what is fiction now most commonly applied?

EXAMPLES.

In argument
—— are like songs in love:
They much describe; they nothing prove.

And He spake many things unto them in ——, saying, Behold a sower went forth to sow.

ALLEVIATE (page 33). QUESTIONS.

1. How does alleviate differ from relieve? from remove? 2. Is alleviate used of persons? 3. What are the special significations of abate? assuage? mitigate? moderate? 4. How does alleviate compare with allay? (Compare synonyms for ALLAY.)

EXAMPLES.

To pity distress is but human; to —— it is Godlike.

But, O! what mighty magician can ——
A woman's envy?

[391]

ALLIANCE (page 34). QUESTIONS.

1. What is an alliance? how does it differ from partnership? from coalition? from league? 2. How does a confederacy or federation differ from a union?

EXAMPLES.

The two nations formed an offensive and defensive —— against the common enemy.

Till the war-drum throbbed no longer, and the battle-flags were furled,
In the Parliament of man, the —— of the world.

Business —— are the warrant for the existence of trade ——.

ALLOT (page 34). QUESTIONS.

1. Does allot refer to time, place, or person? 2. To what does appoint refer? assign? 3. How does destine differ from appoint? 4. How does award differ from allot, appoint, and assign?

EXAMPLES.

Man hath his daily work of body or mind ——.

He ——eth the moon for seasons; the sun knoweth his going down.

The king is but as the hind ...
Who may not wander from the —— field
Before his work be done.
ALLOW (page 35). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the difference between allow and permit? between a permit and permission? 2. What instances can you give of the use of these words, also of tolerate and submit? 3. What does yield imply?

EXAMPLES.

Frederick —— the Austrians to cross the mountains that he might attack them on a field of his own choosing.

The cruelty and envy of the people
—— by our dastard nobles, who
Have all forsook me, hath devoured the rest.

State churches have ever been unwilling to —— dissent.

ALLUDE (page 36). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the distinctive sense of allude? of advert? of refer? 2. How do the above words compare with mention as to explicitness? 3. How do hint and insinuate differ?

EXAMPLES.

Late in the eighteenth century Cowper did not venture to do more than —— to the great allegorist [Bunyan], saying:

"I name thee not, lest so despised a name
Should move a sneer at thy deserved fame."

[392]

ALLURE (page 37). QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to allure? 2. How does allure differ from attract? from lure? 3. What does coax express? 4. What is it to cajole? to decoy? to inveigle? 5. How does seduce differ from tempt? 6. Is win used in the favorable or unfavorable sense?

EXAMPLES.

The ruddy square of comfortable light
—— him, as the beacon blaze ——
The bird of passage.

But Satan now is wiser than of yore,
And —— by making rich, not making poor.

He had a strange gift of —— friends, and of —— the love of women.

ALSO (page 37). QUESTIONS.

1. Into what two groups are the synonyms for also naturally divided? 2. Which words simply add a fact or thought? 3. Which distinctly imply that what is added is like that to which it is added?

EXAMPLES.

Thine to work —— to pray,
Clearing thorny wrongs away;
Plucking up the weeds of sin,
Letting heaven's warm sunshine in.
ALTERNATIVE (page 38). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the difference between choice and alternative in the strict use of language? 2. Is alternative always so severely restricted by leading writers? 3. What do choice, pick, election, and preference imply regarding one's wishes? alternative? resources?

EXAMPLES.

Homer delights to call Ulysses "the man of many ——."

AMASS (page 38). QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to amass? 2. How is amass distinguished from accumulate? 3. Is interest amassed or accumulated? 4. How does hoard differ from store?

EXAMPLES.

By daring and successful speculation, he —— a prodigious fortune.

The sum was the —— savings of an industrious and frugal life.

O, to what purpose dost thou —— thy words,
That thou return'st no greeting to thy friends?

[393]

AMATEUR (page 39). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the difference between amateur and connoisseur? between connoisseur and critic? 2. Which word carries a natural implication of superficialness? 3. How do novice and tyro differ from amateur?

EXAMPLES.

He was in Logic a great ——
Profoundly skill'd in Analytic;
He could distinguish, and divide
A hair 'twixt south and south-west side.

The greatest works in poetry, painting, and sculpture have not been done by ——.

The mere —— who produces nothing, and whose business is only to judge and enjoy.

AMAZEMENT (page 39). QUESTIONS.

1. What do amazement and astonishment agree in expressing? 2. How do the two words differ? 3. What is the meaning of awe? of admiration? 4. How does surprise differ from astonishment and amazement? 5. What are the characteristics of wonder?

EXAMPLES.

'Twas while he toiled him to be freed,
And with the rein to raise the steed,
That, from ——'s iron trance,
All Wycklif's soldiers waked at once.

Can such things be,
And overcome us like a summer's cloud,
Without our special ——?

The fool of nature stood with stupid eyes
And gaping mouth that testified ——.
AMBITION (page 40). QUESTIONS.

1. What two senses has ambition? 2. How does ambition differ from aspiration? Which is the higher word? 3. What is the distinctive sense of emulation? 4. Has emulation a good side? How does it compare with aspiration?

EXAMPLES.

Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ——
By that sin, fell the angels.

Envy, to which th' ignoble mind's a slave,
Is —— in the learn'd or brave.

I have no spur
To prick the sides of my intent, but only
Vaulting ——.

[394]

AMEND (page 41). QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to amend? 2. How do advance, better, and improve differ from amend? 3. Are these words applied to matters decidedly bad, foul, or evil? 4. What is the difference between amend and emend?

EXAMPLES.

Return ye now every man from his evil way, and —— your doings.

The construction here is difficult, and the text at this point has been variously ——.

Human characters and conditions never reach such perfection that they can not be ——.

AMIABLE (page 42). QUESTIONS.

1. To what does lovely often apply? 2. To what does amiable always apply? 3. How do agreeable, attractive, and charming differ from amiable? Give examples. 4. Is a good-natured person necessarily agreeable? an amiable person?

EXAMPLES.

His life was ——; and the elements
So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world, This was a man!

The east is blossoming! Yea a rose,
Vast as the heavens, soft as a kiss,
—— as the presence of woman is.
ANALOGY (page 43). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the specific meaning of analogy? 2. What is affinity? coincidence? 3. Does coincidence necessarily involve resemblance or likeness? 4. What is parity of reasoning? 5. What is a similitude? 6. How do resemblance and similarity differ from analogy?

EXAMPLES.

The two boys bore a close —— to each other.

It is not difficult to trace the —— of the home to the state.

ANGER (page 44). QUESTIONS.

1. What are the especial characteristics of anger? How does it differ from indignation? exasperation? rage? wrath? ire?

EXAMPLES.

My enemy has long borne me a feeling of ——.

Christ was filled with —— at the hypocrisy of the Jews.

I was overcome by a sudden feeling of ——.

[395]

ANIMAL (page 45). QUESTIONS.

1. What is an animal? a brute? a beast? 2. Is man an animal? 3. What is implied if we speak of any particular man as an animal? a brute? a beast? 4. What forms of existence does the word creature include? 5. What are the animals of a country or region collectively called?

EXAMPLES.

It is only within the last half century that societies have been organized for the prevention of cruelty to ——.

O that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains! that we should with joy, pleasance, revel, and applause, transform ourselves into ——!

Take a —— out of his instinct, and you find him wholly deprived of understanding.

Spurning manhood and its joys to loot,
To be a lawless, lazy, sensual ——.
ANNOUNCE (page 46). QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to announce? 2. Does it apply chiefly to the past or the future? 3. To what is advertise chiefly applied? propound? promulgate? publish?

EXAMPLES.

The Sphinx —— its riddles with life and death depending on the answer.

Through the rare felicity of the times you are permitted to think what you please and to —— what you please.

The songs of birds and the wild flowers

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