English Synonyms and Antonyms by James Champlin Fernald (best ebook reader for laptop TXT) 📕

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is one of the most common of errors, and one of the most difficult to avoid, while their right use gives to style cohesion, firmness, and compactness, and is an important aid to perspicuity. To the text of the synonyms is appended a set of Questions and Examples to adapt the work for use as a text-book. Aside from the purposes of the class-room, this portion will be found of value to the individual student. Excepting those who have made a thorough study of language most persons will discover with surprise how difficult it is to answer any set of the Questions or to fill the blanks in the Examples without referring to the synonym treatment in Part I., or to a dictionary, and how rarely they can give any intelligent reason for preference even among familiar words. There are few who can study such a work without finding occasion to correct some errors into which they have unconsciously fallen, and without coming to a new delight in the use of language from a fuller knowledge of its resources and a clearer sense

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in the woodlands —— the coming of spring. ANSWER (page 46). QUESTIONS.

1. What is a verbal answer? 2. In what wider sense is answer used? 3. What is a reply? a rejoinder? 4. How does an answer to a charge, an argument, or the like, differ from a reply or rejoinder? 5. What is the special quality of a response? 6. What is a retort? How does it differ from repartee?

EXAMPLES.

I can no other —— make, but thanks.

Theirs not to make ——
Theirs not to reason why,
Theirs but to do and die.

Upon thy princely warrant I descend,
To give thee —— of thy just demand.

He could not be content without finding a —— in Nature to every mood of his mind; and he does find it.

A man renowned for ——
Will seldom scruple to make free
With friendship's honest feeling.

Nothing is so easy and inviting as the —— of abuse and sarcasm; but it is a paltry and unprofitable contest.

[396]

ANTICIPATE, ANTICIPATION (page 47). QUESTIONS.

1. What are the two contrasted senses of anticipate? 2. Which is now the more common? 3. How does anticipate differ from expect? from hope? from apprehend? 4. How does anticipation differ from presentiment? from apprehension? from foreboding? 5. What special element is involved in foretaste? How do foresight and forethought go beyond the meaning of anticipation?

EXAMPLES.

Then some leaped overboard with fearful yell,
As eager to —— their grave.

England —— every man to do his duty.

These are portents; but yet I ——, I hope,
They do not point on me.

If I know your sect, I —— your argument.

The happy —— of a renewed existence in company with the spirits of the just.

ANTIPATHY (page 48). QUESTIONS.

1. How is antipathy to be distinguished from dislike? from antagonism? from aversion? 2. What is uncongeniality? How does it differ from antipathy? Which is positive? and which negative?

EXAMPLES.

Christianity is the solvent of all race ——.

From my soul I loathe
All affectation; 'tis my perfect scorn, object of my implacable ——.
ANTIQUE (page 48). QUESTIONS.

1. To what does antique refer? antiquated? 2. Is the difference between them a matter of time? Give examples. 3. Can a modern building be antiquated? Can it be antique? 4. What is the significance of quaint?

EXAMPLES.

My copper lamps, at any rate,
For being true ——, I bought.

I do love these —— ruins,
We never tread upon them but we set
Our foot upon some reverend history.
ANXIETY (page 49). QUESTIONS.

1. What is anxiety in the primary sense? Is it mental or physical? 2. How does anxiety differ from anguish? 3. What kind of possibility does anxiety always suggest? 4. How does it differ from apprehension, fear, dread, etc., in this regard? 5. What is worry? fretfulness? 6. Does perplexity involve anxiety?[397]

EXAMPLES.

Yield not to —— the future, weep not for the past.

Superstition invested the slightest incidents of life with needless ——.

—— is harder than work, and far less profitable.

APATHY (page 50). QUESTIONS.

1. What is apathy? 2. How does it differ from the Saxon word unfeelingness? from indifference? from insensibility? from unconcern? 3. How does stoicism differ from apathy?

EXAMPLES.

In lazy —— let stoics boast
Their virtue fixed: 'tis fixed as in a frost.

At length the morn and cold —— came.

He sank into a —— from which it was impossible to arouse him.

APOLOGY (page 51). QUESTIONS.

1. What change of meaning has apology undergone? 2. What does an apology now always imply? 3. How does an apology differ from an excuse? 4. Which of these words may refer to the future? 5. How does confession differ from apology?

EXAMPLES.

—— only account for that which they do not alter.

Beauty is its own —— for being.

There is no refuge from —— but suicide; and suicide is ——.

APPARENT (page 52). QUESTIONS.

1. What two contrasted senses arise from the root meaning of apparent? 2. What is implied when we speak of apparent kindness or apparent neglect? 3. How do presumable and probable differ? 4. What implication is conveyed in seeming? What do we suggest when we speak of "seeming innocence"?

EXAMPLES.

It is not —— that the students will attempt to break the rules again.

It is not yet —— what his motive could have been in committing such an offense.

It is —— that something has been omitted which was essential to complete the construction.

APPETITE (page 54). QUESTIONS.

1. Of what kind of demands or impulses is appetite ordinarily used? 2. What demands or tendencies are included in passion? 3. What is implied by passions and appetites when used as contrasted terms?[398]

EXAMPLES.

Govern well thy ——, lest sin
Surprise thee, and her black attendant Death.

Take heed lest —— sway
Thy judgment to do aught which else free will
Would not admit.
APPORTION (page 54). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the special significance of apportion by which it is distinguished from allot, assign, distribute, or divide? 2. What is the significance of dispense in the transitive use? 3. What is it to appropriate?

EXAMPLES.

Representatives are —— among the several states according to the population.

The treasure was —— and their shares duly —— among the captors.

APPROXIMATION (page 55). QUESTIONS.

1. What is an approximation in the mathematical sense? 2. How close an approach to exactness and certainty does approximation imply? 3. How does approximation differ from resemblance and similarity? from approach? 4. How does approximation, as regards the class of objects to which it is applied, differ from nearness, neighborhood, or propinquity?

EXAMPLES.

We have to be content with —— to a solution.

Without faith, there is no real —— to God.

Wit consists in knowing the —— of things which differ, and the difference of things which are alike.

ARMS (page 55). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the difference between arms and armor? 2. In what connection is armor used in modern warfare?

EXAMPLES.

—— on —— clashing brayed
Horrible discord.

There is constant rivalry between irresistible projectiles and impenetrable ——.

ARMY (page 56). QUESTIONS.

1. What are the essentials of an army? 2. Is an army large or small? 3. What term would be applied to a multitude of armed men without order or organization? 4. In what sense is host used? legion?

EXAMPLES.

For the —— is a school in which the miser becomes generous, and the generous, prodigal; miserly soldiers are like monsters, but very rarely seen.

The still-discordant wavering ——.

[399]

ARRAIGN (page 56). QUESTIONS.

1. To what kind of proceedings do indict and arraign apply? 2. How is one indicted? How arraigned? 3. How do these words differ from charge? accuse? censure?

EXAMPLES.

The criminal was —— for trial for his offenses.

Religion does not —— or exclude unnumbered pleasures, harmlessly pursued.

ARTIFICE (page 58). QUESTIONS.

1. What is an artifice? a device? finesse? 2. In what sense are cheat, maneuver, and imposture always used? 3. In what sense is trick commonly used? 4. What is a fraud? 5. Is wile used in a good or a bad sense? 6. Does the good or the bad sense commonly attach to the words artifice, contrivance, ruse, blind, device, and finesse?

EXAMPLES.

Those who can not gain their ends by force naturally resort to ——.

The enemy were decoyed from their defenses by a skilful ——.

Quips and cranks and wanton ——,
Nods and becks and wreathed smiles.

Whoever has even once become notorious by base ——, even if he speaks the truth, gains no belief.

ARTIST (page 58). QUESTIONS.

1. What is an artist? an artisan? 2. What is an artificer? How related to artist and artisan?

EXAMPLES.

The power depends on the depth of the ——'s insight of that object he contemplates.

Infuse into the purpose with which you follow the various employments and professions of life the sense of beauty, and you are transformed at once from an —— into an ——.

If too many —— turn shopkeepers, the whole natural quantity of that business divided among them all may afford too small a share for each.

ASK (page 59). QUESTIONS.

1. For what class of objects does one ask? For what does he beg? 2. How do entreat and beseech compare with ask? 3. What is the special sense of implore? of supplicate? 4. How are crave and request distinguished? pray and petition? 5. What kind of asking is implied in demand? in require? How do these two words differ from one another?[400]

EXAMPLES.

We, ignorant of ourselves,
—— often our own harms, which the wise powers
Deny us for our good: so we find profit,
By losing of our prayers.

The harvest truly is great, but the labourers are few: —— ye therefore the Lord of the harvest that he would send forth labourers into his harvest.

Speak with me, pity me, open the door,
A beggar —— that never begg'd before.

Be not afraid to ——; to —— is right.
——, if thou canst, with hope; but ever ——.
Though hope be weak or sick with long delay;
—— in the darkness, if there be no light.
ASSOCIATE (page 60). QUESTIONS.

1. What does associate imply, as used officially? What when used in popular language? 2. Do we speak of associates in crime or wrong? What words are preferred in such connection? (See synonyms for ACCESSORY.) 3. Is companion used in a good or bad sense? 4. How does it differ in use from associate? 5. What is the significance of peer? comrade? consort?

EXAMPLES.

His best ——, innocence and health,
And his best riches, ignorance of wealth.

The —— accepted Napoleon's abdication.

The leader in the plot was betrayed by his ——.

ASSUME (page 61). QUESTIONS.

1. Does assume apply to that which is rightfully or wrongfully taken? 2. In what use does assume correspond with arrogate and usurp? 3. How do arrogate and usurp differ from each other? How does assume differ from postulate as regards debate or reasoning of any kind?

EXAMPLES.

Wherefore do I ——
These royalties, and not refuse to reign.

—— a virtue if you have it not.

For well we know no hand of blood and bone
Can gripe the sacred handle of our scepter,
Unless he do profane, steal, or ——.
ASSURANCE (page 61). QUESTIONS.

1. What is assurance in the good sense? 2. What is assurance in the bad sense? 3. How does assurance compare with impudence? with effrontery?[401]

EXAMPLES.

Let us draw near with a true heart in full —— of faith.

Some wicked wits have libel'd all the fair.
With matchless —— they style a wife
The dear-bought curse, and lawful plague of life.

With brazen —— he denied the most indisputable facts.

ASTUTE (page 62). QUESTIONS.

1. From what language is acute derived? What is its distinctive sense? 2. From what language is keen derived? What does it distinctively denote? 3. From what language is astute derived, and what was its original meaning? 4. In present use what does astute add to the meaning of acute or keen? 5. What does astute imply regarding the ulterior purpose or object of the person who is credited with it?

EXAMPLES.

You statesmen

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