Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder by Louv, Richard (the two towers ebook .txt) 📕

a natural play area Simon Nicholson, “How Not to Cheat Children: The Theory of Loose Parts,” Landscape Architecture 62, no. 1 (1971): 30–34.

88   Researchers have also observed that when children played Among the studies of creative play mentioned:

Mary Ann Kirkby, “Nature as Refuge in Children’s Environments,” Children’s Environments Quarterly 6, no. 1 (1989): 7–12.

Patrik Grahn, Fredrika Martensson, Bodil Lindblad, Paula Nilsson, and Anna Ekman, Ute pa Dagis. Stad & Land 145 (Outdoor daycare. City and country), Hassleholm, Sweden: Norra Skane Offset, 1997.

Karen Malone and Paul J. Tranter, “School Grounds as Sites for Learning: Making the Most of Environmental Opportunities,” Environmental Education Research 9, no. 3 (2003): 283–303.

Andrea Faber Taylor, Angela Wiley, Frances Kuo, William Sullivan, “Growing Up in the Inner City: Green Spaces as Places to Grow,” Environment and Behavior 30, no. 1 (1998): 3–27.

Susan Herrington and Kenneth Studtmann, “Landscape Interventions: New Directions for the Design of Children’s Outdoor Play Environments,” Landscape and Urban Planning 42, no. 2–4 (1998): 191–205.

88   In Denmark, a more recent study “Outdoor Kindergartens Are Better at Stimulating Children’s Creativity Than Indoor Schools,” Copenhagen Post, October 10, 2006.

89   children were self-selecting the spaces in which they played Andrea Faber Taylor and Frances E. Kuo, “Is Contact with Nature Important for Healthy Child Development? State of the Evidence,” in Children and Their Environments: Learning, Using, and Designing Spaces, ed. Christopher Spencer and Mark Blades (Cambridge, UK): Cambridge University Press, 2006).

90   “During the winter months [Clarke] often cycled home” Neil McAleer, Arthur C. Clarke: The Authorized Biography (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1992), 4, 10.

90   “I saw baby chickens come out of eggs” Neil Baldwin, Edison: Inventing the Century (1995; reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 18–19.

91   “The changes of the seasons, the play of the light” Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (New York: Signet Press, 1971), 64, 66.

92   The two siblings “smuggled home innumerable beetles” Margaret Lane, The Tale of Beatrix Potter: A Biography (London: Penguin Books, 2001).

94   inventiveness and imagination . . . was rooted in their early experiences of nature Edith Cobb, The Ecology of Imagination in Childhood (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).

94   Cobb’s theory must be amended to allow for different degrees of experience Louise Chawla, “Ecstatic Places,” Children’s Environments Quarterly 3, no. 4 (winter 1986); and Louise Chawla, “Life Paths into Effective Environmental Action,” Journal of Environmental Education 31, no. 1 (1990): 15–26.

96   “the question of a speculative, unmarveling adult” Phyllis Theroux, California and Other States of Grace: A Memoir (New York: William Morrow, 1980), 55.

8. Nature-Deficit Disorder and the Restorative Environment

99   At least her school has recess National PTA, “Recess Is at Risk, New Campaign Comes to the Rescue, http://www.pta.org/ne_press_release

_detail_1142028998890.html.

99   At least her school has recess Steve Rushin, “Give the Kids a Break,” Sports Illustrated, December 4, 2006.

99   At least her school has recess American Heart Association and the National Association for Sport and Physical Education, “2006 Shape of the Nation Report: Status of Physical Education in the USA,” http://www.aahperd.org/naspe/shapeofthenation/.

99   At least her school has recess Paul Muntner, Jiang He, Jeffrey A. Cutler, Rachel P. Wildman, and Paul K. Whelton, “Trends in Blood Pressure among Children and Adolescents,” JAMA. 291, no. 17 (May 2004): 2107–2113.

101   Between 2000 and 2003, spending on ADHD for preschoolers increased 369 percent Linda A. Johnson, “Behavior Drugs Top Kids’ Prescriptions,” Associated Press, May 17, 2004.

101   Both boys and girls are diagnosed with ADHD “Methylphenidate (A Background Paper),” October 1995, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, Office of Diversion Control, Drug Enforcement Administration.

102   each hour of TV watched per day by preschoolers increases . . . concentration problems J. M. Healey, “Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attention Problems in Children,” Pediatrics 113, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 917–918.

104   “an environment where the attention is automatic” Rebecca A. Clay, “Green Is Good for You,” Monitor on Psychology 32, no. 4 (April 2001).

104   Those with a window view of trees . . . experienced significantly less frustration Rachel Kaplan, Stephen Kaplan, and Robert L. Ryan, “With People in Mind: Design and Management for Everyday Nature” (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1998).

104   Hartig asked participants to complete a forty-minute sequence of tasks Clay, “Green Is Good for You.”

105   “By bolstering children’s attention resources” N. M. Wells and G. W. Evans, “Nearby Nature: A Buffer of Life Stress among Rural Children,” Environment and Behavior 35, no. 3 (2003): 311–330. This study is not available online without purchase, http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journals/

details/j0163.html.

105   within two daycare settings Patrik Grahn, Fredrika Martensson, Bodil Lindblad, Paula Nilsson, and Anna Ekman, Ute pa Dagis. Stad & Land no. 145 (Outdoor daycare. City and country), Hassleholm, Sweden: Norra Skane Offset, 1997.

105   Some of the most important work Frances E. Kuo and Andrea Faber Taylor, “A Potential Natural Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from a National Study,” American Journal of Public Health 94, no. 9 (September 2004). © American Public Health Association. The study and the educational Power Point are available on the Web site of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, http://www.llhl.uiuc.edu/.

106   “the aftereffects of play in paved outdoor or indoor areas” Andrea Faber Taylor, Frances E. Kuo, and William C. Sullivan, “Coping with ADD: The Surprising Connection to Green Play Settings,” Environment and Behavior 33, no. 1 (January 2001): 54–77.

106   the positive influence of near-home nature on concentration Andrea Faber Taylor, Frances E. Kuo, and William C. Sullivan, “Views of Nature and Self-Discipline: Evidence from Inner City Children,” Journal of Environmental Psychology (February 2002): 46–63.

107   “Participants were asked if they had had any experiences” Andrea Faber Taylor, Frances E. Kuo, and William C. Sullivan, “Coping with ADD: The Surprising Connection to Green Play Settings,” Environment and Behavior 33, no. 1 (January 2001): 54–77.

108   medications can also have unpleasant side effects Victoria Stagg Elliott, “Think Beyond Drug Therapy for Treating ADHD,” AMA News, April 19, 2004.

110   “intuition emphatically asserts that nature is good for children” Andrea Faber Taylor and Frances Kuo. From a paper prior to publication, used with permission from the authors.

9. Time and Fear

116   When did playing catch in a park become a form of killing time Richard Louv, Childhood’s Future (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990), 109.

116   Eighty percent of Americans live in metropolitan areas Paul M. Sherer, “Why America Needs More City Parks and Open Space” (San