What Is Art? by Leo Tolstoy (english readers .txt) đ
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What Is Art? is an 1897 philosophical treatise by Leo Tolstoy that lays out his philosophy of aesthetics. Rejecting notions of aesthetics that center around beauty, Tolstoy instead posits that art is defined by its role in transmitting feelings between human beings. Furthermore, he argues that the quality of art is not assessed by the pleasure it gives, but whether the feelings the art evokes align with the meaning of life revealed by a given societyâs religious perception. In line with his spiritual views set out in The Kingdom of God Is Within You, Tolstoy argues that the proper purpose of art is to transmit feelings of human unity and âto set up, in place of the existing reign of force, that kingdom of God, i.e. of love, which we all recognize to be the highest aim of human life.â
Tolstoy makes a number of unconventional aesthetic judgments in the course of the book, dismissing such works as Wagnerâs operas, Romeo and Juliet, and his own past works like War and Peace and Anna Karenina as âbad art.â In turn, he praises such works as Dickensâ A Christmas Carol and Hugoâs Les MisĂ©rables as âexamples of the highest art, flowing from the love of God and the love of man.â
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- Author: Leo Tolstoy
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For a little love their longing cries
From horizons farâ âfor their errings and pain.
In horizons ever of heart and thought,
While the evenings old in bright blaze wane
Suddenly, for black glories anguish fraught.
III
And the following is a poem by MorĂ©as, evidently an admirer of Greek beauty. It is from page 28 of a volume of his Poems:â â
Enone au clair visage
Enone, jâavais cru quâen aimant ta beautĂ©
OĂč lâĂąme avec le corps trouvent leur unitĂ©,
Jâallais, mâaffermissant et le cĆur et lâesprit,
Monter jusquâĂ cela qui jamais ne pĂ©rit,
Nâayant Ă©tĂ© crĂ©e, qui nâest froideur ou feu,
Qui nâest beau quelque part et laid en autre lieu;
Et me flattais encorâ dâune belle harmonie
Que jâeusse composĂ© du meilleur et du pire,
Ainsi que le chanteur qui chérit Polimnie,
En accordant le grave avec lâaigu, retire
Un son bien élevé sur les nerfs de sa lyre.
Mais mon courage, hélas! se pùmant comme mort,
Mâenseigna que le trait qui mâavait fait amant
Ne fut pas de cet arc que courbe sans effort
La VĂ©nus qui naquit du mĂąle seulement,
Mais que jâavais souffert cette VĂ©nus derniĂšre,
Qui a le cĆur couard, nĂ© dâune faible mĂšre.
Et pourtant, ce mauvais garçon, chasseur habile,
Qui charge son carquois de sagette subtile,
Qui secoue en riant sa torche, pour un jour,
Qui ne pose jamais que sur de tendres fleurs,
Câest sur un teint charmant quâil essuie les pleurs,
Et câest encore un Dieu, Enone, cet Amour.
Mais, laisse, les oiseaux du printemps sont partis,
Et je vois les rayons du soleil amortis.
Enone, ma douleur, harmonieux visage,
Superbe humilitĂ©, doux honnĂȘte langage,
Hier me remirant dans cet étang glacé
Qui au bout du jardin se couvre de feuillage,
Sur ma face je vis que les jours ont passé.
Enone
Enone, in loving thy beauty, I thought,
Where the soul and the body to union are brought,
That mounting by steadying my heart and my mind,
In that which canât perish, myself I should find.
For it neâer was created, is not ugly and fair;
Is not coldness in one part, while on fire it is there.
Yes, I flattered myself that a harmony fine
Iâd succeed to compose of the worst and the best,
Like the bard who adores Polyhymnia divine,
And mingling sounds different from the nerves of his lyre,
From the grave and the smart draws melodies higher.
But, alas! my courage, so faint and nigh spent,
The dart that has struck me proves without fail
Not to be from that bow which is easily bent
By the Venus thatâs born alone of the male.
No, âtwas that other Venus that caused me to smart,
Born of frail mother with cowardly heart.
And yet that naughty lad, that little hunter bold,
Who laughs and shakes his flowery torch just for a day,
Who never rests but upon tender flowers and gay,
On sweetest skin who dries the tears his eyes that fill,
Yet oh, Enone mine, a Godâs that Cupid still.
Let it pass; for the birds of the Spring are away,
And dying I see the sunâs lingering ray.
Enone, my sorrow, oh, harmonious face,
Humility grand, words of virtue and grace,
I looked yestereâen in the pond frozen fast,
Strewn with leaves at the end of the gardenâs fair space,
And I read in my face that those days are now past.
IV
And this is also from page 28 of a thick book, full of similar Poems, by M. Montesquiou.
Berceuse dâombre
Des formes, des formes, des formes
Blanche, bleue, et rose, et dâor
Descendront du haut des ormes
Sur lâenfant qui se rendort.
Des formes!
Des plumes, des plumes, des plumes
Pour composer un doux nid.
Midi sonne: les enclumes
Cessent; la rumeur finitâ ââ âŠ
Des plumes!
Des roses, des roses, des roses
Pour embaumer son sommeil,
Vos pétales sont moroses
PrĂšs du sourire vermeil.
O roses!
Des ailes, des ailes, des ailes
Pour bourdonner Ă son front.
Abeilles et demoiselles,
Des rythmes qui berceront.
Des ailes!
Des branches, des branches, des branches
Pour tresser un pavillon,
Par oĂč des clartĂ©s moins franches
Descendront sur lâoisillon.
Des branches!
Des songes, des songes, des songes
Dans ses pensers entrâ ouverts
Glissez un peu de mensonges
A voir le vie au travers
Des songes!
Des fées, des fées, des fées,
Pour filer leurs Ă©cheveaux
Des mirages, de bouffées
Dans tous ces petits cerveaux.
Des fées.
Des anges, des anges, des anges
Pour emporter dans lâĂ©ther
Les petits enfants Ă©tranges
Qui ne veulent pas resterâ ââ âŠ
Nos anges!
Les Hortensias Bleus.
The Shadow Lullaby
Oh forms, oh forms, oh forms
White, blue, and gold, and red
Descending from the elm trees,
On sleeping babyâs head.
Oh forms!
Oh feathers, feathers, feathers
To make a cosy nest.
Twelve striking: stops the clamour;
The anvils are at restâ ââ âŠ
Oh feathers!
Oh roses, roses, roses
To scent his sleep awhile,
Pale are your fragrant petals
Beside his ruby smile.
Oh roses!
Oh wings, oh wings, oh wings
Of bees and dragon-flies,
To hum around his forehead,
And lull him with your sighs.
Oh wings!
Branches, branches, branches
A shady bower to twine,
Through which, oh daylight, family
Descend on birdie mine.
Branches!
Oh dreams, oh dreams, oh dreams
Into his opening mind,
Let in a little falsehood
With sights of life behind.
Dreams!
Oh fairies, fairies, fairies,
To twine and twist their threads
With puffs of phantom visions
Into these little heads.
Fairies!
Angels, angels, angels
To the ether far away,
Those children strange to carry
That here donât wish to stayâ ââ âŠ
Our angels!
These are the contents of The Nibelungâs Ring:â â
The first part tells that the nymphs, the daughters of the Rhine, for some reason guard gold in the Rhine, and sing: Weia, Waga, Woge du Welle, Walle zur Wiege, Wagalaweia, Wallala, Weiala, Weia, and so forth.
These singing nymphs are pursued by a gnome (a nibelung) who desires to seize them. The gnome cannot catch any of them. Then the nymphs guarding the gold tell the gnome just what they ought to keep secret, namely, that whoever renounces love will be able to steal the gold they are guarding. And the gnome renounces love, and steals the gold. This ends the first scene.
In the second scene a god and a goddess lie in a field in sight of a castle which giants have built for them. Presently they wake up and are pleased with the castle, and they relate that in payment for this work they must give the goddess Freia to the giants. The giants come for their pay. But the god Wotan objects
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