Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

f., liberty
  «modus, -ī», m., measure; manner, way, mode
  «nōmen, nōminis», n., name (nominate)
  «oculus, -ī», m., eye (oculist)
  «prīstinus, -a, -um», former, old-time (pristine)
  «pūblicus, -a, -um», public, belonging to the state;
    «rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae», f., the commonwealth, the state,
     the republic
  «vestīgium, vestī´gī», n., footprint, track; trace, vestige
  «vōx, vōcis», f., voice

«290.» We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative pronoun «is» and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to persons or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to place or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or time, we must use «hic», «iste», or «ille.» These demonstratives, like «is», are used both as pronouns and as adjectives, and their relation to the speaker may be represented graphically thus:

             «hic» «iste» «ille»
  SPEAKER ——————->———————>———————->
          this, he; that, he; that, he
            (near); (remote); (more remote)

a. In dialogue «hic» refers to a person or thing near the speaker; «iste», to a person or thing near the person addressed; «ille», to a person or thing remote from both. These distinctions are illustrated in the model sentences, §293, which should be carefully studied and imitated.

«291.» «Hic» is declined as follows:

SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. hic haec hoc Gen. huius huius huius Dat. huic huic huic Acc. hunc hanc hoc Abl. hōc hāc hōc

PLURAL Nom. hī hae haec Gen. hōrum hārum hōrum Dat. hīs hīs hīs Acc. hōs hās haec Abl. hīs hīs hīs

a. «Huius» is pronounced ho͝o´yo͝os, and «huic» is pronounced ho͝oic (one syllable).

«292.» The demonstrative pronouns «iste», «ista», «istud», and «ille», «illa», «illud», except for the nominative and accusative singular neuter forms «istud» and «illud», are declined exactly like «ipse», «ipsa», «ipsum.» (See §481.)

«293.» «MODEL SENTENCES»

  Is this horse (of mine) strong?
    «Estne hic equus valīdus?»

  That horse (of yours) is strong, but that one (yonder) is weak
    «Iste equus est validus, sed ille est īnfīrmus»

  Are these (men by me) your friends?
    «Suntne hī amīcī tuī?»

  Those (men by you) are my friends,
      but those (men yonder) are enemies
    «Istī sunt amīcī meī, sed illī sunt inimīcī»

«294.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295.

I. A German Chieftain addresses his Followers. Ille fortis Germānōrum dux suōs convocāvit et hōc modō animōs eōrum cōnfirmāvit. “Vōs, quī in hīs fīnibus vīvitis, in hunc locum convocāvī[1] quia mēcum dēbētis istōs agrōs et istās domōs ab iniūriīs Rōmānōrum liberāre. Hoc nōbīs nōn difficile erit, quod illī hostēs hās silvās dēnsās, ferās saevās quārum vestīgia vident, montēs altōs timent. Sī fortēs erimus, deī ipsī nōbīs viam salūtis dēmonstrābunt. Ille sōl, istī oculī calamītātēs nostrās vīdērunt.[1] Itaque nōmen illīus reī pūblicae Rōmānae nōn sōlum nōbis, sed etiam omnibus hominibus quī lībertātem amant, est invīsum. Ad arma vōs vocō. Exercēte istam prīstinam virtūtem et vincētis.”

[Footnote 1: The perfect definite. (Cf. §190.)]

II. 1. Does that bird (of yours)[2] sing? 2. This bird (of mine)[2] sings both[3] in summer and in winter and has a beautiful voice. 3. Those birds (yonder)[2] in the country don´t sing in winter. 4. Snatch a spear from the hands of that soldier (near you)[2] and come home with me. 5. With those very eyes (of yours)[2] you will see the tracks of the hateful enemy who burned my dwelling and made an attack on my brother. 6. For («propter») these deeds («rēs») we ought to inflict punishment on him without delay. 7. The enemies of the republic do not always suffer punishment.

    [Footnote 2: English words in parentheses are not to be translated.
    They are inserted to show what demonstratives should be used.
    (Cf. §290.)]

[Footnote 3: both … and, «et … et».]

[Illustration: HORATIUS PONTEM DEFENDIT]

«295.» HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (Continued)

Altera urbis pars mūrīs, altera flūmine satis mūnīrī vidēbātur. Sed erat pōns in flūmine quī hostibus iter paene dedit. Tum Horātius Cocles, fortis vir, magnā vōce dīxit, “Rescindite pontem, Rōmānī! Brevī tempore Porsena in urbem cōpiās suās trādūcet.” Iam hostēs in ponte erant, sed Horātius cum duōbus (cf. §479) comitibus ad extrēmam pontis partem properāvit, et hi sōli aciem hostium sustinuērunt. Tum vērō cīvēs Rōmānī pontem ā tergō rescindere incipiunt, et hostēs frūstrā Horātium superāre temptant.

LESSON LII THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

[Special Vocabulary]

  «incolumis, -e», unharmed
  «nē … quidem», adv., not even. The emphatic word stands between
    «nē» and «quidem»
  «nisi», conj., unless, if … not
  «paene», adv., almost (pen-insula)
  «satis», adv., enough, sufficiently (satisfaction)
  «tantus, -a, -um», so great
  «vērō», adv., truly, indeed, in fact. As a conj. but, however,
    usually stands second, never first.

«dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī, ——», fall down (deciduous) «dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus», leap down, dismount «maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus», remain «trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus», lead across

«296.» The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to some person or some thing, without indicating which particular one is meant. The pronouns «quis» and «quī», which we have learned in their interrogative and relative uses, may also be indefinite; and nearly all the other indefinite pronouns are compounds of «quis» or «quī» and declined almost like them. Review the declension of these words, §§221, 227.

«297.» Learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites:

  MASC. FEM. NEUT.
       «quis» «quid», some one, any one (substantive)
  «quī» «qua» or «quae» «quod», some, any (adjective), §483
       «aliquis» «aliquid», some one, any one
                                (substantive), §487
  «aliquī» «aliqua» «aliquod», some, any (adjective), §487
  «quīdam» «quaedam» «quoddam», «quiddam», a certain,
                                 a certain one, §485
       «quisquam» «quicquam» or «quidquam» (no plural),
                                any one (at all) (substantive), §486
       «quisque» «quidque», each one, every one
                                (substantive), §484
  «quisque» «quaeque» «quodque», each, every (adjective), §484

  [Transcriber’s Note:
  In the original text, the combined forms (masculine/feminine) were
  printed in the “masculine” column.]

NOTE. The meanings of the neuters, something, etc., are easily inferred from the masculine and feminine.

a. In the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites, «quis-»forms and «quid-»forms are mostly used as substantives, «quī-»forms and «quod-»forms as adjectives.

b. The indefinites «quis» and «quī» never stand first in a clause, and are rare excepting after «sī», «nisi», «nē», «num» (as, «sī quis», if any one; «sī quid», if anything; «nisi quis», unless some one). Generally «aliquis» and «aliquī» are used instead.

c. The forms «qua» and «aliqua» are both feminine nominative singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite adjectives «quī» and «aliquī» respectively. How do these differ from the corresponding forms of the relative «quī?»

d. Observe that «quīdam» (quī + -dam) is declined like «quī», except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural «m» of «quī» becomes «n» (cf. §287.a): «quendam», «quandam», «quōrundam», «quārundam;» also that the neuter has «quiddam» (substantive) and «quoddam» (adjective) in the nominative and accusative singular. «Quīdam» is the least indefinite of the indefinite pronouns, and implies that you could name the person or thing referred to if you cared to do so.

e. «Quisquam» and «quisque» (substantive) are declined like «quis.»

f. «Quisquam», any one («quicquam» or «quidquam», anything), is always used substantively and chiefly in negative sentences. The corresponding adjective any is «ūllus, -a, -um» (§108).

«298.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295.

I. 1. Aliquis dē ponte in flūmen dēcidit sed sine ūllō perīculō servātus est. 2. Est vērō in vītā cuiusque hominis aliqua bona fortūna. 3. Nē mīlitum quidem[1] quisquam in castrīs mānsit. 4. Sī quem meae domī vidēs, iubē eum discēdere. 5. Sī quis pontem tenet, nē tantus quidem exercitus capere urbem potest. 6. Urbs nōn satis mūnīta erat et merīdiē rēx quīdam paene cōpiās suās trāns pontem trādūxerat. 7. Dēnique mīles quīdam armātus in fluctūs dēsiluit et incolumis ad alteram rīpam oculōs vertit. 8. Quisque illī fortī mīlitī aliquid dare dēbet. 9. Tanta vērō virtūs Rōmānus semper placuit. 10. Ōlim Corinthus erat urbs satis magna et paene par Rōmae ipsī; nunc vērō moenia dēcidērunt et pauca vestīgia urbis illīus reperīrī possunt. 11. Quisque lībertātem amat, et aliquibus vērō nōmen rēgis est invīsum.

II. 1. If you see a certain Cornelius at Corinth, send him to me. 2. Almost all the soldiers who fell down into the waves were unharmed. 3. Not even at Pompeii did I see so great a fire. 4. I myself was eager to tell something to some one. 5. Each one was praising his own work. 6. Did you see some one in the country? I did not see any one. 7. Unless some one will remain on the bridge with Horatius, the commonwealth will be in the greatest danger.

[Footnote 1: Observe that «quīdam» and «quidem» are different words.]

«299.» HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (Concluded)

Mox, ubi parva pars pontis mānsit, Horātius iussit comitēs discēdere et sōlus mīrā cōnstantiā impetum illius tōtius exercitūs sustinēbat. Dēnique magnō fragōre pōns in flūmen dēcīdit. Tum vērō Horātius tergum vertit et armātus in aquās dēsiluit. In eum hostēs multa tēla iēcērunt; incolumis autem per fiuctūs ad alteram rīpam trānāvit. Eī propter tantās rēs gestās populus Rōmānus nōn sōlum alia magna praemia dedit sed etiam statuam Horāti in locō pūblicō posuit.

* * * * *

«Sixth Review, Lessons XLV-LII, §§521-523»

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LESSON LIII REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

[Special Vocabulary]

«aquila, -ae», f., eagle (aquiline) «audāx», gen. «audācis», adj., bold, audacious «celer, celeris, celere», swift, quick (celerity). Cf. «vēlōx» «explōratōr, -ōris», m., scout, spy (explorer) «ingēns», gen. «ingentis», adj., huge, vast «medius, -a, -um», middle, middle part of (medium) «mēns, mentis (-ium)», f., mind (mental). Cf. «animus» «opportūnus, -a, -um», opportune «quam», adv., than. With the superlative «quam»