Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

Numquam anteā pōns in Rhēnō vīsus erat. Hostēs ubi pontem quem Rōmānī fēcerant vīdērunt, summō terrōre commōtī, sine morā fugam parāre incēpērunt.

II. 1. The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain. 2. There were many trees on the opposite hills. 3. We pitched our camp near («ad») a beautiful spring. 4. A march through the enemies’ country is never without danger. 5. The time of the month was suitable for the march. 6. The teeth of the monster were long. 7. When the foot soldiers[5] saw the blood of the captives, they began to assail the fortifications with the greatest violence.[2]

[Footnote 2: Abl. of manner.]

[Footnote 3: «suōs», used as a noun, his men.]

[Footnote 4: We say build a bridge over; the Romans, make a bridge on.]

[Footnote 5: Place first.]

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«Fifth Review, Lessons XXXVII-XLIV, §§517-520»

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LESSON XLV ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION · I-STEMS

[Special Vocabulary]

«ācer, ācris, ācre», sharp, keen, eager (acrid) «brevis, breve», short, brief «difficilis, difficile», difficult «facilis, facile», facile, easy «fortis, forte», brave (fortitude) «gravis, grave», heavy, severe, serious (grave) «omnis, omne», every, all (omnibus) «pār», gen. «paris», equal (par) «paucī, -ae, -a», few, only a few (paucity) «secundus, -a, -um», second; favorable, opposite of adversus «signum, -ī», n., signal, sign, standard «vēlōx», gen. «vēlōcis», swift (velocity)

  «conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus», arrange, station, place
    (collocation)
  «dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus», point out,
    explain (demonstrate)
  «mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus», commit, intrust (mandate)

«250.» Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like «bonus», «aeger», or «līber»), or they are of the third declension.

«251.» Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have «i»-stems, and they are declined almost like nouns with «i»-stems.

«252.» Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the nominative for each gender, as, «bonus», m.; «bona», f.; «bonum», n. Such an adjective is called an adjective of three endings. Adjectives of the third declension are of the following classes:

    I. Adjectives of three endings—
      a different form in the nominative for each gender.

   II. Adjectives of two endings—
      masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different.

  III. Adjectives of one ending—
      masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike.

«253.» Adjectives of the third declension in «-er» have three endings; those in «-is» have two endings; the others have one ending.

CLASS I

«254.» Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows:

«ācer, ācris, ācre», keen, eager STEM «ācri-» BASE «ācr-»

SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. ācer ācris ācre ācrēs ācrēs ācria Gen. ācris ācris ācris ācrium ācrium ācrium Dat. ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus Acc. ācrem ācrem ācre ācrīs, -ēs ācrīs, -ēs ācria Abl. ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus

CLASS II

«255.» Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows:

«omnis, omne», every, all[1] STEM «omni-» BASE «omn-»

SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. Nom. omnis omne omnēs omnia Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium Dat. omnī omnī omnibus omnibus Acc. omnem omne omnīs, -ēs omnia Abl. omnī omnī omnibus omnibus

[Footnote 1: «omnis» is usually translated every in the singular and all in the plural.]

CLASS III

«256.» Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows:

«pār», equal STEM «pari-» BASE «par-»

SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. Nom. pār pār parēs paria Gen. paris paris parium parium Dat. parī parī paribus paribus Acc. parem pār parīs, -ēs paria Abl. parī parī paribus paribus

1. All «i»-stem adjectives have «-ī» in the ablative singular.

2. Observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have the same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and in the nominative and accusative plural.

3. Decline «vir ācer», «legiō ācris», «animal ācre», «ager omnis», «scūtum omne», «proelium pār».

«257.» There are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant stems. They are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems.

«258.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.

I. The Romans invade the Enemy’s Country. Ōlim peditēs Rōmānī cum equitibus vēlōcibus in hostium urbem iter faciēbant. Ubi nōn longē āfuērunt, rapuērunt agricolam, quī eīs viam brevem et facilem dēmōnstrāvit. Iam Rōmānī moenia alta, turrīs validās aliaque opera urbis vidēre poterant. In moenibus stābant multī prīncipēs. Prīncipēs ubi vīdērunt Rōmānōs, iussērunt cīvīs lapidēs aliaque tēla dē mūrīs iacere. Tum mīlitēs fortēs continērī ā proeliō nōn poterant et ācer imperātor signum tubā darī iussit. Summā vī omnēs mātūrāvērunt. Imperātor Sextō lēgātō impedīmenta omnia mandāvit. Sextus impedīmenta in summō colle conlocāvit. Grave et ācre erat proelium, sed hostēs nōn parēs Rōmānīs erant. Aliī interfectī, aliī captī sunt. Apud captīvōs erant māter sororque rēgis. Paucī Rōmānōrum ab hostibus vulnerātī sunt. Secundum proelium Rōmānīs erat grātum. Fortūna fortibus semper favet.

II. 1. Some months are short, others are long. 2. To seize the top of the mountain was difficult. 3. Among the hills of Italy are many beautiful springs. 4. The soldiers were sitting where the baggage had been placed because their feet were weary. 5. The city which the soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong walls and high towers. 6. Did not the king intrust a heavy crown of gold and all his money to a faithless slave? Yes, but the slave had never before been faithless.

[Illustration: AQUILA LEGIONIS]

LESSON XLVI THE FOURTH OR U-DECLENSION

[Special Vocabulary]

  «adventus, -ūs», m., approach, arrival (advent)
  «ante», prep, with acc., before (ante-date)
  «cornū, -ūs», n., horn, wing of an army (cornucopia);
    «ā dextrō cornū», on the right wing;
    «ā sinistrō cornū», on the left wing
  «equitātus, -ūs», m., cavalry
  «exercitus, -ūs», m., army
  «impetus, -ūs», m., attack (impetus);
    «impetum facere in», with acc., to make an attack on
  «lacus, -ūs, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus», m., lake
  «manus, -ūs», f., hand; band, force (manual)
  «portus, -ūs», m., harbor (port)
  «post», prep, with acc., behind, after (post-mortem)

  «cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus», burn (cremate)
  «exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus», practice, drill, train
    (exercise)

«259.» Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter.

«260.» Masculine nouns end in «-us», neuters in «-ū». The genitive ends in «-ūs».

a. Feminine by exception are «domus», house; «manus», hand; and a few others.

PARADIGMS

  [Transcriber’s Note:
  The “Stems” are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied
  from the inflectional table in the Appendix.]

          «adventus», «cornū»,
          m., arrival n., horn
   STEMS «adventu-» «cornu-»
   BASES «advent-» «corn-»

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS MASC. NEUT. Nom. adventus cornū -us -ū Gen. adventūs cornūs -ūs -ūs Dat. adventuī (ū) cornū -uī (ū) -ū Acc. adventum cornū -um -ū Abl. adventū cornū -ū -ū

          PLURAL
  Nom. adventūs cornua -ūs -ua
  Gen. adventuum cornuum -uum -uum
  Dat. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
  Acc. adventūs cornua -ūs