Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

«imperātor, imperātōris», m., commander in chief, general (emperor) «legiō, legiōnis», f., legion «māter, mātris», f., mother (maternal) «ōrdō, ōrdinis», m., row, rank (order) «pater, patris», m., father (paternal) «salūs, salūtis», f., safety (salutary) «soror, sorōris», f., sister (sorority) CLASS II

«235.» Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are declined in the other cases exactly like those that add «-s.» They may be masculine, feminine, or neuter.

«236.» PARADIGMS MASCULINES AND FEMININES

            «cōnsul», «legiō», f., «ōrdō», «pater», m.,
            m., consul legion m., row father
  BASES OR
  STEMS «cōnsul-» «legiōn-» «ōrdin-» «patr-»

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F. Nom. cōnsul legiō ōrdō pater — Gen. cōnsulis legiōnis ōrdinis patris -is Dat. cōnsulī legiōnī ōrdinī patrī -ī Acc. cōnsulem legiōnem ōrdinem patrem -em Abl. cōnsule legiōne ōrdine patre -e

            PLURAL
  Nom. cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs
  Gen. cōnsulum legiōnum ōrdinum patrum -um
  Dat. cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus
  Acc. cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs
  Abl. cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus

1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly the same as in Class I, and the base or stem is found in the same way.

2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in -in- and -ōn- drop -n- and end in -ō in the nominative, as legiō (base or stem legiōn-), ōrdō (base or stem ōrdin-).

3. Bases or stems in -tr- have -ter in the nominative, as pater (base or stem patr-).

4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole declension. Always learn this with the nominative.

«237.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.

I. 1. Audīsne tubās, Mārce? Nōn sōlum tubās audiō sed etiam ōrdinēs militum et carrōs impedīmentōrum plēnōs vidēre possum. 2.Quās legiōnēs vidēmus? Eae legiōnēs nūper ex Galliā vēnērunt. 3. Quid ibi fēcērunt? Studēbantne pugnāre an sine virtūte erant? 4.Multa proelia fēcērunt[1] et magnās victōriās et multōs captīvōs reportāvērunt. 5.Quis est imperātor eārum legiōnum? Caesar, summus Rōmānōrum imperātor. 6.Quis est eques quī pulchram corōnam gerit? Is eques est frāter meus. Eī corōna ā cōnsule data est quia summā virtūte pugnāverat et ā barbarīs patriam servāverat.

II. 1. Who has seen my father to-day? 2. I saw him just now («nūper»). He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister. 3. When men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be restrained[2] from wrong[3]. 4. The safety of the soldiers is dear to Cæsar, the general. 5. The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain which was held by the consul. 6. The king forbade the baggage of the captives to be destroyed.

[Footnote 1: «proelium facere» = to fight a battle.]

[Footnote 2: «contineō.» Cf. §180.]

[Footnote 3: Abl. iniūriā.]

LESSON XLI

THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT STEMS (Concluded)

[Special Vocabulary]

«calamitās, calamitātis», f., loss, disaster, defeat (calamity) «caput, capitis», n., head (capital) «flūmen, flūminis», n., river (flume) «labor, labōris», m., labor, toil «opus, operis», n., work, task «ōrātor, ōrātōris», m., orator «rīpa, -ae», f., bank (of a stream) «tempus, temporis», n., time (temporal) «terror, terrōris», m., terror, fear «victor, victōris», m., victor

  «accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus», receive, accept
  «cōnfirmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī, cōnfīrmātus», strengthen,
     establish, encourage (confirm)

«238.» Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and are declined as follows:

            «flūmen», «tempus», «opus», «caput»,
            n., river n., time n., work n., head
  BASES OR
  STEMS «flūmin-» «tempor-» «oper-» «capit-»

            SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
  Nom. flūmen tempus opus caput —
  Gen. flūminis temporis operis capitis -is
  Dat. flūminī temporī operī capitī -ī
  Acc. flūmen tempus opus caput —
  Abl. flūmine tempore opere capite -e

             PLURAL
  Nom. flūmina tempora opera capita -a
  Gen. flūminum temporum operum capitum -um
  Dat. flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
  Acc. flūmina tempora opera capita -a
  Abl. flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus

1. Review §74 and apply the rules to this declension.

2. Bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative, as flūmen, base or stem flūmin-.

3. Most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative, as opus, base or stem oper-; tempus, base or stem tempor-.

«239.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.

I. 1. Barbarī ubi Rōmam cēpērunt, maxima rēgum opera dēlēvērunt. 2. Rōmānī multās calamitātēs ā barbarīs accēpērunt. 3. Ubi erat summus terror apud oppidānōs, animī dubiī eōrum ab ōrātōre clarō cōnfīrmāti sunt. 4. Rōma est in rīpīs fiūminis magnī. 5. Ubi Caesar imperātor mīlitēs suōs arma capere iussit, iī ā proeliō continērī nōn potuērunt. 6. Ubi proelium factum est, imperātor reperīrī nōn potuit. 7. Imperātor sagittā in capite vulnerātus erat et stāre nōn poterat. 8. Eum magnō labōre pedes ex proeliō portāvit. 9. Is bracchiīs suīs imperātōrem tenuit et eum ex perīculīs summīs servāvit. 10. Virtūte suā bonus mīles ab imperātōre corōnam accēpit.

II. 1. The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor. 2. Before the gates he was received by the townsmen. 3. A famous orator praised him and said, “By your labors you have saved the fatherland from disaster.” 4. The words of the orator were pleasing to the victor. 5. To save the fatherland was a great task.

[Illustration: Corona]

LESSON XLII REVIEW LESSON

«240.» Review the paradigms in §§233, 236, 238; and decline all nouns of the third declension in this selection.

TERROR CIMBRICUS[1]

Ōlim Cimbrī et Teutonēs, populī Germāniae, cum fēminīs līberīsque Italiae adpropinquāverant et cōpiās Rōmānās maximō proeliō vīcerant. Ubi fuga legiōnum nūntiāta est, summus erat terror tōtīus Rōmae, et Rōmānī, graviter commōtī, sacra crēbra deīs faciēbant et salūtem petēbant.

Tum Mānlius ōrātor animōs populī ita cōnfīrmāvit:—“Magnam calamitātem accēpimus. Oppida nostra ā Cimbrīs Teutonibusque capiuntur, agricolae interficiuntur, agrī vāstantur, cōpiae barbarōrum Rōmae adpropinquant. Itaque, nisi novīs animīs proelium novum faciēmus et Germānōs ex patriā nostrā sine morā agēmus, erit nūlla salūs fēminīs nostrīs līberīsque. Servāte līberōs! Servāte patriam! Anteā superātī sumus quia imperātōrēs nostrī fuērunt īnfīrmī. Nunc Marius, clārus imperātor, quī iam multās aliās victōriās reportāvit, legiōnēs dūcet et animōs nostrōs terrōre Cimbricō līberāre mātūrābit.”

Marius tum in Āfricā bellum gerēbat. Sine morā ex Āfricā in Italiam vocātus est. Cōpiās novās nōn sōlum tōtī Italiae sed etiam prōvinciīs sociōrum imperāvit.[2] Disciplīnā autem dūrā labōribusque perpetuīs mīlitēs exercuit. Tum cum peditibus equitibusque, quī iam proeliō studēbant, ad Germānōrum castra celeriter properāvit. Diū et ācriter pugnātum est.[3] Dēnique barbarī fūgērunt et multī in fugā ab equitibus sunt interfectī. Marius pater patriae vocātus est.

[Footnote 1: About the year 100 B.C. the Romans were greatly alarmed by an invasion of barbarians from the north known as Cimbri and Teutons. They were traveling with wives and children, and had an army of 300,000 fighting men. Several Roman armies met defeat, and the city was in a panic. Then the Senate called upon Marius, their greatest general, to save the country. First he defeated the Teutons in Gaul. Next, returning to Italy, he met the Cimbri. A terrible battle ensued, in which the Cimbri were utterly destroyed; but the terror Cimbricus continued to haunt the Romans for many a year thereafter.]

[Footnote 2: He made a levy (of troops) upon, «imperāvit» with the acc. and the dat.]

[Footnote 3: Cf. §200. II. 2.]

LESSON XLIII THE THIRD DECLENSION · I-STEMS

[Special Vocabulary]

«animal, animālis (-ium[A])», n., animal «avis, avis (-ium)», f., bird (aviation) «caedēs, caedis (-ium)», f., slaughter calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., spur «cīvis, cīvis (-ium)», m. and f., citizen (civic) «cliēns, clientis (-ium)», m., retainer, dependent (client) «fīnis, fīnis (-ium)», m., end, limit (final); plur., country, territory «hostis, hostis (-ium)», m. and f., enemy in war (hostile). Distinguish from «inimīcus», which means a personal enemy «ignis, ignis (-ium)», m., fire (ignite) «īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium)», n. decoration, badge (ensign) «mare, maris (-ium[B])», n., sea (marine) «nāvis, nāvis (-ium)», f., ship (naval); «nāvis longa», man-of-war «turris, turris (-ium)», f., tower (turret) «urbs, urbis (-ium)», f., city (suburb). An «urbs» is larger than an