Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

ōrāculī mōverant? Populum verba ōrāculī mōverant. 9. Cui Cēpheus verba ōrāculī nārrāverit? Perseō Cēpheus verba ōrāculī nārrāverit. 10. Amīcī ab Andromedā discesserint. 11. Mōnstrum saevum domicilia multa dēlēverat. 12. Ubi mōnstrum vīdistis? Id in aquā vīdimus. 13. Quid mōnstrum faciet? Mōnstrum Andromedam interficiet.

II. 1. They have obeyed, we have destroyed, I shall have had. 2. We shall have sent, I had come, they have fortified. 3. I had departed, he has obeyed, you have sent (sing. and plur.). 4. To have destroyed, to have seen, he will have given, they have carried. 5. He had destroyed, he has moved, you have had (sing. and plur.). 6. I have given, you had moved (sing. and plur.), we had said. 7. You will have made (sing. and plur.), they will have led, to have given.

8. Who had seen the monster? Andromeda had seen it. 9. Why had the men departed from[1] the towns? They had departed because the monster had come. 10. Did Cepheus obey[2] the oracle[3]? He did.

[Footnote 1: «ex». What would «ab» mean?]

[Footnote 2: Did … obey, perfect tense.]

[Footnote 3: What case?]

LESSON XXXIV REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE

[Special Vocabulary]

  ADVERBS
  «celeriter», quickly (celerity)
  «dēnique», finally
  «graviter», heavily, severely (gravity)
  «subitō», suddenly

  VERB
  «reportō, -āre, -āvī», bring back, restore; win, gain (report)

«197.» A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the following formation:

             { PRESENT = First of the principal parts
  TENSES { IMPERFECT = Present stem + -ba-m
  OF THE { FUTURE = Present stem + -bō, Conj. I and II
  INDICATIVE { -a-m, Conj. III and IV
             { PERFECT = Third of the principal parts
             { PLUPERFECT = Perfect stem + -era-m
             { FUTURE PERFECT = Perfect stem + -erō

«198.» The synopsis of the active voice of «amō», as far as we have learned the conjugation, is as follows:

PRINCIPAL PARTS «amō, amāre, amāvī»

PRES. STEM «amā-»

         { Pres. amō
  INDIC. { Imperf. amābam
         { Fut. amābō
  PRES. IMV. amā
  PRES. INFIN. amāre

PERF. STEM «amāv-»

         { Perf. amāvī
  INDIC. { Pluperf. amāveram
         { Fut. perf. amāverō
  PERF. INFIN. amāvisse

1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal parts and synopsis of «parō», «dō», «laudō», «dēleō», «habeō», «moveō», «pāreō», «videō», «dīcō», «discēdō», «dūcō», «mittō», «capiō», «muniō», «veniō».[1]

[Footnote 1: Learn to give synopses rapidly, and not only in the first person singular but in any person of either number.]

«199.» Learn the following principal parts:[2]

PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC.

  IRREGULAR VERBS
    sum esse fuī be
    ab´sum abes´se ā´fuī be away
    dō dare dedī give

  CONJUGATION II
    contineō continēre continuī hold in, keep
    doceō docēre docuī teach
    egeō egēre eguī need
    faveō favēre fāvī favor
    iubeō iubēre iussī order
    noceō nocēre nocuī injure
    persuādeō persuādēre persuāsī persuade
    respondeō respondēre respondī reply
    sedeō sedēre sēdī sit
    studeō studēre studuī be eager

  CONJUGATION III
    agō agere ēgī drive
    crēdō crēdere crēdidī believe
    fugiō fugere fūgī flee
    iaciō iacere iēcī hurl
    interficiō interficere interfēcī kill
    rapiō rapere rapuī seize
    resis´tō resis´tere re´stitī resist

  CONJUGATION IV
    repe´riō reperī´re rep´perī find

    [Footnote 2: These are all verbs that you have had before, and the
    perfect is the only new form to be learned.]

«200.» PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (Concluded)

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290. Read the whole story.

Perseus semper proeliō studēbat[3] et respondit,[3] “Verba tua sunt maximē grāta,” et laetus arma sua magica parāvit.[3] Subitō mōnstrum vidētur; celeriter per aquam properat et Andromedae adpropinquat. Eius amīcī longē absunt et misera puella est sōla. Perseus autem sine morā super aquam volāvit.[3] Subitō dēscendit[3] et dūrō gladiō saevum mōnstrum graviter vulnerāvit.[3] Diū pugnātur,[4] diū proelium est dubium. Dēnique autem Perseus mōnstrum interfēcit[3] et victōriam reportāvit.[3] Tum ad saxum vēnit[3] et Andromedam līberāvit[3] et eam ad Cēpheum dūxit.[3] Is, nūper miser, nunc laetus, ita dīxit[3]: “Tuō auxiliō, mī amīce, cāra fīlia mea est lībera; tua est Andromeda.” Diū Perseus cum Andromedā ibi habitābat[3] et magnopere ā tōtō populō amābātur.[3]

[Footnote 3: See if you can explain the use of the perfects and imperfects in this passage.]

[Footnote 4: The verb pugnātur means, literally, it is fought; translate freely, the battle is fought, or the contest rages. The verb pugnō in Latin is intransitive, and so does not have a personal subject in the passive. A verb with an indeterminate subject, designated in English by it, is called impersonal.]

LESSON XXXV THE PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE THE PERFECT PASSIVE AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE

«201.» The fourth and last of the principal parts (§183) is the «perfect passive participle». From it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects.

1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time given in full:

  CONJ. PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PASS. PART.
     I. amō amā´-re amā´v-ī amā´t-us
     This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation.
    II. mo´neō monē´-re mo´nu-ī mo´nit-us
   III. regō re´ge-re rēx-ī rēct-us
         ca´piō ca´pe-re cēp-ī capt-us
    IV. au´diō audī´-re audī´v-ī audī´t-us

2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping «-us» from the perfect passive participle.

«202.» In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb to be and the past participle; as, I have been loved, I had been loved, I shall have been loved.

Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of «sum» as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as

  Perfect passive, «amā´tus sum», I have been or was loved
  Pluperfect passive, «amā´tus eram», I had been loved
  Future perfect passive, «amā´tus erō», I shall have been loved

1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of «moneō», «regō», «capiō», and «audiō», and give the English meanings.

«203.» «Nature of the Participle.» A participle is partly verb and partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and case.

«204.» The perfect passive participle is declined like «bonus, bona, bonum», and in the compound tenses (§202) it agrees as a predicate adjective with the subject of the verb.

  EXAMPLES IN SINGULAR
    «Vir laudātus est», the man was praised, or has been praised
    «Puella laudāta est», the girl was praised, or has been praised
    «Cōnsilium laudātum est», the plan was praised, or
                                has been praised

  EXAMPLES IN PLURAL
    «Virī laudātī sunt», the men were praised, or have been praised
    «Puellae laudātae sunt», the girls were praised, or
                               have been praised
    «Cōnsilia laudāta sunt», the plans were praised, or
                               have been praised

1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative passive of «amō», «moneō», «regō», «capiō», and «audiō» (§§488-492).

«205.» «The perfect passive infinitive» is formed by adding «esse», the present infinitive of «sum», to the perfect passive participle; as, amā´t-us (-a, -um) «esse», to have been loved; mo´nit-us (-a, -um) «esse», to have been advised.

1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of «regō», «capiō», «audiō», and give the English meanings.

«206.» The future active infinitive is formed by adding «esse», the present infinitive of «sum», to the future active participle. This participle is made by adding «-ūrus, -a, -um» to the base of the participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of «amō» is amat-ū´rus (-a, -um) «esse», to be about to love.

a. Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive we use all three conjugation stems:

      Present, amāre (present stem), to love
      Perfect, amāvisse (perfect stem), to have loved
      Future, amātūrus esse (participial stem), to be about to love