Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

nōn fuerint
    maximē attentī, īrātā aquā et validō ventō superābuntur et ita
    interficientur.

[Footnote 1: Dative case. (Cf. §109.)]

[Footnote 2: Ablative of means.]

«189.» EXERCISE

1. Where had the boys been before? They had been in school. 2. Where had Sextus been? He had been in a field next to the river. 3. Who has been with Sextus to-day? Cornelius has been with him. 4. Who says so? Marcus. 5. If the wind has been suitable, the boys have been in the boat. 6. Soon we shall sail with the boys. 7. There[3] will be no danger, if we are (shall have been) careful.[4]

    [Footnote 3: The expletive there is not expressed, but the verb
    will precede the subject, as in English.]

    [Footnote 4: This predicate adjective must be nominative plural to
    agree with we.]

LESSON XXXII THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS

[Special Vocabulary]

  NOUNS
  «animus, -ī», m., mind, heart; spirit, feeling (animate)
  «bracchium, bracchī», n., forearm, arm
  «porta, -ae», f., gate (portal)

  ADJECTIVES
  «adversus, -a, -um», opposite; adverse, contrary
  «plēnus, -a, -um», full (plenty)

  PREPOSITION
  «prō», with abl., before; in behalf of; instead of

  ADVERB
  «diū», for a long time, long

«190.» «Meanings of the Perfect.» The perfect tense has two distinct meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present perfect, or perfect with have, and denotes that the action of the verb is complete at the time of speaking; as, I have finished my work. As this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is called the «perfect definite».

The perfect is also used to denote an action that happened sometime in the past; as, I finished my work. As no definite time is specified, this is called the «perfect indefinite». It corresponds to the ordinary use of the English past tense.

a. Note carefully the difference between the following tenses:

      I {was finishing } my work (imperfect, §134)
         {used to finish}
      I finished my work (perfect indefinite)
      I have finished my work (perfect definite)

When telling a story the Latin uses the perfect indefinite to mark the different forward steps of the narrative, and the imperfect to describe situations and circumstances that attend these steps. If the following sentences were Latin, what tenses would be used?

“Last week I went to Boston. I was trying to find an old friend of mine, but he was out of the city. Yesterday I returned home.”

«191.» «Inflection of the Perfect.» We learned in §186 that any perfect is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. The inflection in the four regular conjugations is then as follows:

  CONJ. I «amāvī» I have loved, I loved or did love
  CONJ. II «monuī» I have advised, I advised or did advise
  CONJ. III «rēxī» I have ruled, I ruled or did rule
            «cēpī» I have taken, I took or did take
  CONJ. IV «audīvī» I have heard, I heard or did hear

     PERFECT STEMS
     «amāv-» «monu-» «rēx-» «cēp-» «audīv-»

     SINGULAR
  1. amā´vī mo´nuī rē´xī cē´pī audī´vī
  2. amāvis´tī monuis´tī rēxis´tī cēpis´tī audīvis´tī
  3. amā´vit mo´nuit rē´xit cē´pit audī´vit

     PLURAL
  1. amā´vimus monu´imus rē´ximus cē´pimus audī´vimus
  2. amāvis´tis monuis´tis rēxis´tis cēpis´tis audīvis´tis
  3. amāvē´runt monuē´runt rēxē´runt cēpē´runt audīvē´runt
       or or or or or
       amāvē´re monuē´re rēxē´re cēpē´re audīvē´re

1. The first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the principal parts. From this we get the perfect stem. This shows the absolute necessity of learning the principal parts thoroughly.

2. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding «-vī» to the present stem. Like «amāvī» inflect «parāvī», «vocāvī», «cūrāvī», «laudāvī».

3. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. Drill on it.

«192.» Learn the principal parts and inflect the perfects:

PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. dō dăre dedī give dēleō dēlēre dēlēvī destroy habeō habēre habuī have moveō movēre mōvī move pāreō pārēre pāruī obey prohibeō prohibēre prohībuī restrain, keep from videō vidēre vīdī see dīcō dīcere dīxī say discēdō discēdere discessī depart dūcō dūcere dūxī lead faciō facere fēcī make, do mittō mittere mīsī send mūniō mūnīre mūnīvī fortify veniō venīre vēnī come

«193.» PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (Continued)

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290.

Cēpheus, adversā fortūnā maximē commōtus, discessit et multīs cum lacrimīs populō Aethiopiae verba ōrāculī nārrāvit. Fāta Andromedae, puellae pulchrae, ā tōtō populō dēplōrābantur, tamen nūllum erat auxilium. Deinde Cēpheus cum plēnō trīstitiae animō cāram suam fīliam ex oppidī portā ad aquam dūxit et bracchia eius ad saxa dūra revīnxit. Tum amīcī puellae miserae longē discessērunt et diū mōnstrum saevum exspectāvērunt.

Tum forte Perseus, ālīs frētus, super Aethiopiam volābat. Vīdit populum,
Andromedam, lacrimās, et, magnopere attonitus, ad terram dēscendit. Tum
Cēpheus eī tōtās cūrās nārrāvit et ita dīxit: “Pārēbō verbīs ōrāculī, et
prō patriā fīliam meam dabō; sed sī id mōnstrum interficiēs et
Andromedam servābis, tibi (to you) eam dabō.”

LESSON XXXIII PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE

«194.» CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
                  «amō» «moneō» «regō» «capiō» «audiō»
  PERFECT STEMS «amāv-» «monu-» «rēx-» «cēp-» «audīv-»

  PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
  TENSE SIGN «-erā-»

     SINGULAR
     I had loved I had advised I had ruled I had taken I had heard

1. amā´veram monu´eram rē´xeram cē´peram audī´veram 2. amā´verās monu´erās rē´xerās cē´perās audī´verās 3. amā´verat monu´erat rē´xerat cē´perat audī´verat

     PLURAL
  1. amāverā´mus monuerā´mus rēxerā´mus cēperā´mus audīverā´mus
  2. amāverā´tis monuerā´tis rēxerā´tis cēperā´tis audīverā´tis
  3. ama´verant monu´erant rē´xerant cē´perant audī´verant

  FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
  TENSE SIGN «-eri-»

     SINGULAR
   I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have
      loved advised ruled taken heard

  1. amā´verō monu´erō rē´xerō cē´perō audī´verō
  2. amā´veris monu´eris rē´xeris cē´peris audī´veris
  3. amā´verit monu´erit rē´xerit cē´perit audī´verit

     PLURAL
  1. amāve´rimus monue´rimus rēxe´rimus cēpe´rimus audīve´rimus
  2. amāve´ritis monue´ritis rēxe´ritis cēpe´ritis audīve´ritis
  3. amā´verint monu´erint rē´xerint cē´perint audī´verint

1. Observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for formation given in §187.2-4 hold good here.

2. In like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect indicative active of «dō», «portō», «dēleō», «moveō», «habeō», «dīcō», «discēdō», «faciō», «veniō», «mūniō.»

«195.» «The Perfect Active Infinitive.» The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding «-isse» to the perfect stem.

  CONJ PERFECT STEM PERFECT INFINITIVE
    I. amāv- amāvis´se, to have loved
   II. monu- monuis´se, to have advised
  III. (a) rēx- rēxis´se, to have ruled
       (b) cēp- cēpis´se, to have taken
   IV. audīv» audīvis´se, to have heard
  sum fu- fuis´se, to have been

1. In like manner give the perfect infinitive active of «dō», «portō», «dēleō», «moveō», «habeō», «dīcō», «discēdō», «faciō», «veniō», «mūniō».

«196.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Habuistī, mōvērunt, miserant. 2. Vīdit, dīxeris, dūxisse. 3. Mīsistis, pāruērunt, discesserāmus. 4. Mūnīvit, dederam, mīserō. 5. Habuerimus, dēlēvī, pāruit, fuisse. 6. Dederās, mūnīveritis, vēnerātis, mīsisse. 7. Vēnerās, fēcisse, dederātis, portāveris.

8. Quem verba