Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

It is often impossible to draw a sharp line between means, manner, and accompaniment. The Romans themselves drew no sharp distinction. It was enough for them if the general idea demanded the ablative case.] LESSON XXII REVIEW OF VERBS · THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES

[Special Vocabulary]

  NOUNS
  «disciplīna, -ae», f., training, culture, discipline
  «Gāius, Gāī», m., Caius, a Roman first name
  «ōrnāmentum, -ī», n., ornament, jewel
   Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m., Tiberius, a Roman first name

  VERB
  «doceō, -ēre», teach (doctrine)

  ADVERB
  «maximē», most of all, especially

  ADJECTIVE
  «antīquus, -qua, -quum», old, ancient (antique)

«141.» Review the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, both orally and in writing, of «sum» and the verbs in §129.

«142.» We learned in §43 for what sort of expressions we may expect the dative, and in §44 that one of its commonest uses is with verbs to express the indirect object. It is also very common with adjectives to express the object toward which the quality denoted by the adjective is directed. We have already had a number of cases where «grātus», agreeable to, was so followed by a dative; and in the last lesson we had «molestus», annoying to, followed by that case. The usage may be more explicitly stated by the following rule:

«143.» RULE. «Dative with Adjectives.» The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning «near», also «fit», «friendly», «pleasing», «like», and their opposites.

«144.» Among such adjectives memorize the following:

«idōneus, -a, -um», fit, suitable (for) «amīcus, -a, -um», friendly (to) «inimicus, -a, -um», hostile (to) «grātus, -a, -um», pleasing (to), agreeable (to) «molestus, -a, -um», annoying (to), troublesome (to) «fīnitimus, -a, -um», neighboring (to) «proximus, -a, -um», nearest, next (to)

«145.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Rōmānī terram idōneam agrī cultūrae habent. 2. Gallī cōpiīs Rōmānīs inimīcī erant. 3. Cui dea Lātōna amīca non erat? 4. Dea Lātōna superbae rēgīnae amīca nōn erat. 5. Cibus noster, Mārce, erit armātīs virīs grātus. 6. Quid erat molestum populīs Italiae? 7. Bella longa cum Gallīs erant molesta populīs Italiae. 8. Agrī Germānōrum fluviō Rhēnō fīnitimī erant. 9. Rōmānī ad silvam oppidō proximam castra movēbant. 10. Nōn sōlum fōrma sed etiam superbia rēgīnae erat magna. 11. Mox rēgīna pulchra erit aegra trīstitiā. 12. Cūr erat Niobē, rēgīna Thēbānōrum, laeta? Laeta erat Niobē multīs fīliīs et fīliābus.

II. 1. The sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty queen. 2. The sacrifices were pleasing not only to Latona but also to Diana. 3. Diana will destroy those hostile to Latona. 4. The punishment of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess Diana. 5. The Romans will move their forces to a large field[1] suitable for a camp. 6. Some of the allies were friendly to the Romans, others to the Gauls.

[Footnote 1: Why not the dative?]

«146.» CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.

Apud antīquās dominās, Cornēlia, Āfricānī fīlia, erat[2] maximē clāra.
Fīliī eius erant Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius Gracchus. Iī puerī cum
Cornēliā in oppidō Rōmā, clārō Italiae oppidō, habitābant. Ibi eōs
cūrābat Cornēlia et ibi magnō cum studiō eōs docēbat. Bona fēmina erat
Cornēlia et bonam disciplīnam maximē amābat.

NOTE. Can you translate the paragraph above? There are no new words.

[Footnote 2: Observe that all the imperfects denote continued or progressive action, or describe a state of affairs. (Cf. §134.)]

LESSON XXIII PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF REGŌ AND AUDIŌ

«147.» As we learned in §126, the present stem of the third conjugation ends in «-ĕ», and of the fourth in «-ī». The inflection of the Present Indicative is as follows:

     CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV
    «re´gō, re´gere» (rule) «au´dio, audī´re» (hear)
     PRES. STEM «regĕ-» PRES. STEM «audī-»

     SINGULAR
  1. re´gō, I rule au´diō, I hear
  2. re´gis, you rule au´dīs, you hear
  3. re´git, he (she, it) rules au´dit, he (she, it) hears

     PLURAL
  1. re´gimus, we rule audī´mus, we hear
  2. re´gitis, you rule audī´tis, you hear
  3. re´gunt, they rule au´diunt, they hear

1. The personal endings are the same as before.

2. The final short «-e-» of the stem «regĕ-» combines with the «-ō» in the first person, becomes «-u-» in the third person plural, and becomes «-ĭ-» elsewhere. The inflection is like that of «erō», the future of «sum».

3. In «audiō» the personal endings are added regularly to the stem «audī-». In the third person plural «-u-» is inserted between the stem and the personal ending, as «audi-u-nt». Note that the long vowel of the stem is shortened before final «-t» just as in «amō» and «moneō». (Cf. §12.2.)

Note that «-i-» is always short in the third conjugation and long in the fourth, excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened. (Cf. §12.1, 2.)

«148.» Like «regō» and «audiō» inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs:

INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT

agō, I drive agere, to drive dīcō, I say dīcere, to say dūcō, I lead dūcere, to lead mittō, I send mittere, to send mūniō, I fortify mūnīre, to fortify reperiō, I find reperīre, to find veniō, I come venīre, to come

«149.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Quis agit? Cūr venit? Quem mittit? Quem dūcis? 2. Quid mittunt? Ad quem veniunt? Cuius castra mūniunt? 3. Quem agunt? Venīmus. Quid puer reperit? 4. Quem mittimus? Cuius equum dūcitis? Quid dīcunt? 5. Mūnīmus, venītis, dīcit. 6. Agimus, reperītis, mūnīs. 7. Reperis, ducitis, dīcis. 8. Agitis, audimus, regimus.

II. 1. What do they find? Whom do they hear? Why does he come? 2. Whose camp are we fortifying? To whom does he say? What are we saying? 3. I am driving, you are leading, they are hearing. 4. You send, he says, you fortify (sing. and plur.). 5. I am coming, we find, they send. 6. They lead, you drive, he does fortify. 7. You lead, you find, you rule, (all plur.).

«150.» CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS (Concluded)

Proximum domicīliō Cornēliae erat pulchrae Campānae domicilium. Campāna erat superba nōn sōlum fōrmā suā sed maximē ōrnāmentīs suīs. Ea[1] laudābat semper. “Habēsne tū ūlla ornāmenta, Cornēlia?” inquit. “Ubi sunt tua ōrnāmenta?” Deinde Cornēlia fīliōs suōs Tiberium et Gāium vocat. “Puerī meī,” inquit, “sunt mea ōrnāmenta. Nam bonī līberī sunt semper bonae fēminae ōrnāmenta maximē clāra.”

NOTE. The only new words here are «Campāna», «semper», and «tū».

[Footnote 1: «Ea», accusative plural neuter.]

[Illustration: “PUERI MEI SUNT MEA ORNAMENTA”]

LESSON XXIV IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF REGŌ AND AUDIŌ THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL INTRANSITIVE VERBS «151.» PARADIGMS

     CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV
     SINGULAR
  1. regē´bam, I was ruling audiē´bam, I was hearing
  2. regē´bās, you were riding audiē´bās, you were hearing
  3. regē´bat, he was ruling audiē´bat, he was hearing

     PLURAL
  1. regēbā´mus, we were ruling audiēbā´mus, we were hearing
  2. regēbā´tis, you were ruling audiēbā´tis, you were hearing
  3. regē´bant, they were ruling audiē´bant, they were hearing

1. The tense sign is «-bā-», as in the first two conjugations.

2. Observe that the final «-ĕ-» of the stem is lengthened before the tense sign «-bā-». This makes the imperfect of the third conjugation just like the imperfect of the second (cf. «monēbam» and «regēbam»).

3. In the fourth conjugation «-ē-» is inserted between the stem and the tense sign «-bā-» («audi-ē-ba-m»).

4. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §148.

«152.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Agēbat, veniēbat, mittēbat, dūcēbant. 2. Agēbant, mittēbant, dūcēbas, mūniēbant. 3. Mittēbāmus, dūcēbātis, dīcēbant. 4. Mūniēbāmus, veniēbātis, dīcēbās. 5. Mittēbās, veniēbāmus, reperiēbat. 6. Reperiēbās, veniēbās, audiēbātis. 7. Agēbāmus, reperiēbātis, mūniēbat. 8. Agēbātis, dīcēbam, mūniēbam.

II. 1. They were leading, you were driving (sing. and plur.), he was fortifying. 2. They were sending, we were finding, I was coming. 3. You were sending, you were fortifying, (sing. and plur.), he was saying. 4. They were hearing, you were leading (sing. and plur.), I was driving. 5. We were saying, he was sending, I was fortifying. 6. They were coming, he was hearing, I was finding. 7. You were ruling (sing. and plur.), we were coming, they were ruling.

«153.» «The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs.» We learned above (§20.a) that a verb which does not admit of a direct object is called an intransitive verb. Many such verbs, however, are of such meaning that they can govern an indirect object, which will, of course, be in the dative case (§45). Learn the following list of intransitive verbs with their meanings. In each case the dative indirect object is the person or thing to which a benefit, injury, or feeling is directed. (Cf. §43.)

  «crēdō, crēdere», believe (give belief to)
  «faveō, favēre», favor (show favor to)
  «noceō, nocēre», injure (do harm to)
  «pāreō, pārēre», obey (give obedience to)
  «persuādeō, persuādēre», persuade (offer persuasion to)
  «resistō, resistere», resist (offer resistance to)
  «studeō, studēre», be eager for (give attention to)

«154.» RULE. «Dative with Intransitive Verbs.» The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs «crēdō», «faveō», «noceō», «pāreō», «persuādeō», «resistō», «studeō», and others of like meaning.

«155.» EXERCISE

1. Crēdisne verbīs sociōrum? Multī verbīs eōrum nōn crēdunt. 2. Meī fīnitimī cōnsiliō tuō nōn favēbunt, quod bellō student. 3. Tiberius et Gāius disciplīnae dūrae nōn resistēbant et Cornēliae pārēbant. 4. Dea erat inimīca septem fīliābus rēgīnae. 5. Dūra poena et perpetua trīstitia rēgīnae nōn persuādēbunt. 6. Nūper ea resistēbat et nunc resistit potentiae Lātōnae. 7. Mox sagittae volābunt et līberīs miserīs nocēbunt.

LESSON XXV FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF REGŌ AND AUDIŌ

«156.» In the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet with a new tense sign. Instead of using «-bi-», as in the first and second conjugations, we use «-ā-»[1] in the first person singular and «-ē-» in the rest of the tense. In the third conjugation the final «-ĕ-» of the stem is dropped before this tense sign; in the fourth conjugation the final «-ī-» of the stem is retained.[2]

    [Footnote 1: The «-ā-» is shortened before «-m» final, and «-ē-»
    before «-t» final and before «-nt». (Cf. §12.2.)]

    [Footnote 2: The «-ī-» is, of course, shortened, being before
    another vowel. (Cf. §12.1.)]

«157.» PARADIGMS

     CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV
     SINGULAR
  1. re´gam, I shall rule au´diam, I shall hear
  2. re´gēs, you will rule au´diēs, you will hear
  3. re´get, he will rule au´diet, he will hear

     PLURAL
  1. regē´mus, we shall rule audiē´mus, we shall hear
  2. regē´tis, you will rule audiē´tis, you will hear
  3. re´gent, they will rule au´dient, they will hear

1. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the present of the second, excepting in the first person singular.

2. In the same manner inflect the verbs given in §148.

«158.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Dīcet, dūcētis, mūniēmus. 2. Dīcent, dīcētis, mittēmus. 3. Mūnient, venient, mittent, agent. 4. Dūcet, mittēs, veniet, aget. 5. Mūniet, reperiētis, agēmus. 6. Mittam, veniēmus, regent. 7. Audiētis, veniēs, reperiēs. 8. Reperiet, agam, dūcēmus, mittet. 9. Vidēbitis, sedēbō, vocābimus.

II. 1. I shall find, he will hear, they will come. 2. I shall fortify, he will send, we shall say. 3. I shall drive,