Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

monē´tis, you advise -tis 3. a´mant, they love mo´nent, they advise -nt

1. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to the present stem, and its first person uses «-o» and not «-m». The form «amō» is for «amā-ō», the two vowels «ā-ō» contracting to «ō». In «moneō» there is no contraction. Nearly all regular verbs ending in «-eo» belong to the second conjugation.

2. Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before another vowel («monē-ō» = «mo´nĕō»), and before final «-t» («amăt», «monĕt») and «-nt» («amănt», «monĕnt»). Compare §12.2.

«129.» Like «amō» and «moneō» inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs[2]:

    [Footnote 2: The only new verbs in this list are the five of the
    second conjugation which are starred. Learn their meanings.]

  INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT
   a´rō, I plow arā´re, to plow
   cū´rō, I care for cūrā´re, to care for
  *dē´leō, I destroy dēlē´re, to destroy
   dēsī´derō, I long for dēsīderā´re, to long for
   dō,[3] I give da´re, to give
  *ha´beō, I have habē´re, to have
   ha´bitō, I live, I dwell habitā´re, to live, to dwell
  *iu´beō, I order iubē´re, to order
   labō´rō, I labor labōrā´re, to labor
   lau´dō, I praise laudā´re, to praise
   mātū´rō, I hasten mātūrā´re, to hasten
  *mo´veō, I move movē´re, to move
   nār´rō, I tell nārrā´re, to tell
   ne´cō, I kill necā´re, to kill
   nūn´tiō, I announce nūntiā´re, to announce
   pa´rō, I prepare parā´re, to prepare
   por´tō, I carry portā´re, to carry
   pro´perō, I hasten properā´re, to hasten
   pug´nō, I fight pugnā´re, to fight
  *vi´deō, I see vidē´re, to see
   vo´cō, I call vocā´re, to call

[Footnote 3: Observe that in «dō, dăre», the «a» is short, and that the present stem is «dă-» and not «dā-». The only forms of «dō» that have a long are «dās» (pres. indic.), «dā» (pres. imv.), and «dāns» (pres. part.).]

«130.» «The Translation of the Present.» In English there are three ways of expressing present action. We may say, for example, I live, I am living, or I do live. In Latin the one expression «habitō» covers all three of these expressions.

«131.» EXERCISES

Give the voice, mood, tense, person, and number of each form.

I. 1. Vocāmus, properātis, iubent. 2. Movētis, laudās, vidēs. 3. Dēlētis, habētis, dant. 4. Mātūrās, dēsīderat, vidēmus. 5. Iubet, movent, necat. 6. Nārrāmus, movēs, vident. 7. Labōrātis, properant, portās, parant. 8. Dēlet, habētis, iubēmus, dās.

N.B. Observe that the personal ending is of prime importance in translating a Latin verb form. Give that your first attention.

II. 1. We plow, we are plowing, we do plow. 2. They care for, they are caring for, they do care for. 3. You give, you are having, you do have (sing.). 4. We destroy, I do long for, they are living. 5. He calls, they see, we are telling. 6. We do fight, we order, he is moving, he prepares. 7. They are laboring, we kill, you announce.

LESSON XX IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF AMŌ AND MONEŌ

[Special Vocabulary]

  NOUNS
  «fōrma, -ae», f., form, beauty
  «regīna, -ae», f., queen (regal)
  «poena, -ae», f., punishment, penalty
   superbia, -ae, f., pride, haughtiness
  «potentia, -ae», f., power (potent)
  «trīstītīa, -ae», f., sadness, sorrow

ADJECTIVES «septem», indeclinable, seven «superbus, -a, -um», proud, haughty (superb)

CONJUNCTIONS «nōn sōlum … sed etiam», not only … but also

«132.» «Tense Signs.» Instead of using auxiliary verbs to express differences in tense, like was, shall, will, etc., Latin adds to the verb stem certain elements that have the force of auxiliary verbs. These are called tense signs.

«133.» «Formation and Inflection of the Imperfect.» The tense sign of the imperfect is «-bā-», which is added to the present stem. The imperfect consists, therefore, of three parts:

PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING «amā-» «ba-» «m» loving was I

The inflection is as follows:

  CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
                                                                PERSONAL
     SINGULAR ENDINGS
  1. amā´bam, I was loving monē´bam, I was advising -m
  2. amā´bās, you were loving monē´bās, you were advising -s
  3. amā´bat, he was loving monē´bat, he was advising -t

     PLURAL
  1. amābā´mus, we were loving monēbā´mus, we were advising -mus
  2. amābā´tis, you were loving monēbā´tis, you were advising -tis
  3. amā´bant, they were loving monē´bant, they wereadvising -nt

a. Note that the «ā» of the tense sign «-bā-» is shortened before «-nt», and before «m» and «t» when final. (Cf. §12.2.)

In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §129.

«134.» «Meaning of the Imperfect.» The Latin imperfect describes an act as going on or progressing in past time, like the English past-progressive tense (as, I was walking). It is the regular tense used to describe a past situation or condition of affairs.

«135.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Vidēbāmus, dēsīderābat, mātūrābās. 2. Dabant, vocābātis, dēlēbāmus. 3. Pugnant, laudābās, movēbātis. 4. Iubēbant, properābātis, portābāmus. 5. Dabās, nārrābant, labōrābātis. 6. Vidēbant, movēbās, nūntiābāmus. 7. Necābat, movēbam, habēbat, parābātis.

II. 1. You were having (sing. and plur.), we were killing, they were laboring. 2. He was moving, we were ordering, we were fighting. 3. We were telling, they were seeing, he was calling. 4. They were living, I was longing for, we were destroying. 5. You were giving, you were moving, you were announcing, (sing. and plur.). 6. They were caring for, he was plowing, we were praising.

«136.» NI´OBE AND HER CHILDREN

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.

Niobē, rēgina Thēbānōrum, erat pulchra fēmina sed superba. Erat superba nōn sōlum fōrmā[1] suā marītīque potentiā[1] sed etiam magnō līberōrum numerō.[1] Nam habēbat[2] septem fīliōs et septem fīliās. Sed ea superbia erat rēgīnae[3] causa magnae trīstitiae et līberīs[3] causa dūrae poenae.

NOTE. The words «Niobē», «Thēbānōrum», and «marītī» will be found in the general vocabulary. Translate the selection without looking up any other words.

[Footnote 1: Ablative of cause.]

[Footnote 2: Translate had; it denotes a past situation. (See §134.)]

[Footnote 3: Dative, cf. §43.]

LESSON XXI FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF AMŌ AND MONEŌ

[Special Vocabulary]

  NOUNS
   sacrum, -ī, n., sacrifice, offering, rite
  «verbum, -ī», n., word (verb)

  VERBS
   sedeō, -ēre, sit (sediment)
   volō, -āre, fly (volatile)

  ADJECTIVES
  «interfectus, -a, -um», slain
  «molestus, -a, -um», troublesome, annoying (molest)
  «perpetuus, -a, -um», perpetual, continuous

«ego», personal pronoun, I (egotism). Always emphatic in the nominative.

«137.» The tense sign of the Future Indicative in the first and second conjugations is «-bi-». This is joined to the present stem of the verb and followed by the personal ending, as follows:

PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING «amā-» «bi-» «s» love will you

«138.» The Future Active Indicative is inflected as follows.

     CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
     SINGULAR
  1. amā´bō, I shall love monē´bō, I shall advise
  2. amā´bis, you will love monē´bis, you will advise
  3. amā´bit, he will love monē´bit, he will advise

     PLURAL
  1. amā´bimus, we shall love monē´bimus, we shall advise
  2. amā´bitis you will love monē´bitis, you will advise
  3. amā´bunt, they will love monē´bunt, they will advise

a. The personal endings are as in the present. The ending «-bō» in the first person singular is contracted from «-bi-ō». The «-bi-» appears as «-bu-» in the third person plural. Note that the inflection is like that of «erō», the future of «sum». Pay especial attention to the accent.

In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §129.

«139.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Movēbitis, laudābis, arābō. 2. Dēlēbitis, vocābitis, dabunt. 3. Mātūrābis, dēsīderābit, vidēbimus. 4. Habēbit, movēbunt, necābit. 5. Nārrābimus, monēbis, vidēbunt. 6. Labōrābitis, cūrābunt, dabis. 7. Habitābimus, properābitis, iubēbunt, parābit. 8. Nūntiābō, portābimus, iubēbō.

II. 1. We shall announce, we shall see, I shall hasten. 2. I shall carry, he will plow, they will care for. 3. You will announce, you will move, you will give, (sing. and plur.). 4. We shall fight, we shall destroy, I shall long for. 5. He will call, they will see, you will tell (plur.). 6. They will dwell, we shall order, he will praise. 7. They will labor, we shall kill, you will have (sing. and plur.), he will destroy.

«140.» NI´OBE AND HER CHILDREN (Concluded)

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.

Apollō et Diāna erant līberī Lātōnae. Iīs Thēbānī sacra crēbra parābant.[1] Oppidānī amābant Lātōnam et līberōs eius. Id superbae rēgīnae erat molestum. “Cūr,” inquit, “Lātōnae et līberīs sacra parātis? Duōs līberōs habet Lātōna; quattuordecim habeō ego. Ubi sunt mea sacra?” Lātōna iīs verbīs[2] īrāta līberōs suōs vocat. Ad eam volant Apollō Diānaque et sagittīs[3] suīs miserōs līberōs rēgīnae superbae dēlent. Niobē, nūper laeta, nunc misera, sedet apud līberōs interfectōs et cum perpetuīs lacrimīs[4] eōs dēsīderat.

NOTE. Consult the general vocabulary for «Apollō», «inquit», «duōs», and «quattuordecim». Try to remember the meaning of all the other words.

[Footnote 1: Observe the force of the imperfect here, used to prepare, were in the habit of preparing; so «amābant» denotes a past situation of affairs. (See §134.)]

[Footnote 2: Ablative of cause.]

[Footnote 3: Ablative of means.]

[Footnote 4: This may be either manner or accompaniment.