Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

[Footnote A: This verb governs the dative because the idea of nearness to is stronger than that of motion to. If the latter idea were the stronger, the word would be used with «ad» and the accusative.]

«177.» You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have had, as follows:[1]

            CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
                       INDICATIVE
            ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
  Pres. a´mō a´mor mo´neō mo´neor
  Imperf. amā´bam amā´bar monē´bam monē´bar
  Fut. amā´bo amā´bor monē´bo monē´bor

    [Footnote 1: Synopses should be given not only in the first person,
    but in other persons as well, particularly in the third singular and
    plural.]

            CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
                          IMPERATIVE
            ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
  Pres. a´mā amā´re mo´nē monē´re

                         INFINITIVE
  Pres. amā´re amā´rī monē´re monē´rī

            CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION III («-iō» verbs)
                         INDICATIVE
            ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
  Pres. re´gō re´gor ca´piō ca´pior
  Imperf. regē´bam regē´bar capiē´bam capiē´bar
  Fut. re´gam re´gar ca´piam ca´piar

                         IMPERATIVE
  Pres. re´ge re´gere ca´pe ca´pere

                         INFINITIVE
  Pres. re´gere re´gī ca´pere ca´pī

            CONJUGATION IV
              INDICATIVE
            ACTIVE PASSIVE
  Pres. au´diō au´dior
  Imperf. audiē´bam audiē´bar
  Fut. au´diam au´diar

              IMPERATIVE
  Pres. au´dī audī´re

              INFINITIVE
  Pres. audī´re audī´rī

  1. Give the synopsis of «rapiō», «mūniō», «reperiō», «doceō», «videō»,
  «dīcō», «agō», «laudō», «portō», and vary the person and number.

«178.» We learned in §50 that one of the three relations covered by the ablative case is expressed in English by the preposition from. This is sometimes called the separative ablative, and it has a number of special uses. You have already grown familiar with the first mentioned below.

«179.» RULE. «Ablative of the Place From.» The place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions «ā» or «ab», «dē», «ē» or «ex».

«Agricolae ex agrīs veniunt», the farmers come from the fields

a. «ā» or «ab» denotes from near a place; «ē» or «ex», out from it; and «dē», down from it. This may be represented graphically as follows:

                               _________
                              | |
                  «ā» or «ab» | | «ē» or «ex»
                /_____________| ___________________
                 | Place | /
                              |_________|
                                   |
                                   | «dē»
                                   |
                                   V

«180.» RULE. «Ablative of Separation.» Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning.

a. If the separation is actual and literal of one material thing from another, the preposition «ā» or «ab», «ē» or «ex», or «dē» is generally used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing from another, no preposition is necessary.

      (a) «Perseus terram ā mōnstrīs līberat»
        Perseus frees the land from monsters
          (literal separation—actual motion is expressed)
      (b) «Perseus terram trīstitiā līberat»
        Perseus frees the land from sorrow
          (figurative separation—no actual motion is expressed)

«181.» RULE. «Ablative of the Personal Agent.» The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition «ā» or «ab.»

a. In this construction the English translation of «ā», «ab» is by rather than from. This ablative is regularly used with passive verbs to indicate the person by whom the act was performed.

«Mōnstrum ā Perseō necātur», the monster is being slain by (lit. from) Perseus

b. Note that the active form of the above sentence would be «Perseus monstrum necat», Perseus is slaying the monster. In the passive the object of the active verb becomes the subject, and the subject of the active verb becomes the ablative of the personal agent, with «ā» or «ab».

c. Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into English by the preposition by. (Cf. §100. b.) Means is a «thing»; the agent or actor is a «person». The ablative of means has no preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has «ā» or «ab». Compare

      «Fera sagittā necātur», the wild beast is killed by an arrow
      «Fera ā Diānā necātur», the wild beast is killed by Diana

    «Sagittā», in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; «ā
    Diānā», in the second, is the ablative of the personal agent.

«182.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.

I. 1. Viri inopiā cibī dēfessī ab eō locō discēdent. 2. Gerinānī castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquābant, tamen lēgātus cōpiās ā proeliō continēbat. 3. Multa Gallōrum oppida ab Rōmanīs capientur. 4. Tum Rōmānī tōtum populum eōrum oppidōrum gladiīs pīlīsque interficient. 5. Oppidānī Rōmānīs resistent, sed defessī longō proelīo fugient. 6. Multī ex Galliā fugiēbant et in Germānōrum vicīs habitābant. 7. Miserī nautae vulnerantur ab inimīcīs[2] saevīs et cibō egent. 8. Discēdite et date virīs frūmentum et cōpiam vīnī. 9. Cōpiae nostrae ā proeliō continēbantur ab Sextō lēgatō. 10. Id oppidum ab prōvinciā Rōmānā longē aberat.

II. 1. The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess Diana. 2. They were without food and without wine. 3. Then Galba and seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus. 4. Already they are not far away from the land, and they see armed men on a high place. 5. They are kept from the land by the men with spears and arrows. 6. The men kept hurling their weapons down from the high place with great eagerness.

[Footnote 2: «inimīcīs», here used as a noun. See vocabulary.]

LESSON XXXI PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF SUM

[Special Vocabulary]

  NOUNS
   aurum, -ī, n., gold (oriole)
  «mora, -ae», f., delay
  «nāvigium, nāvi´gī», n., boat, ship
  «ventus, -ī», m., wind (ventilate)

  VERB
  «nāvigō, -āre», sail (navigate)

  ADJECTIVES
   attentus, -a, -um, attentive, careful
  «dubius, -a, -um», doubtful (dubious)
   perfidus, -a, -um, faithless, treacherous (perfidy)

  ADVERB
  «anteā», before, previously

  PREPOSITION
  «sine», with abl., without

«183.» «Principal Parts.» There are certain parts of the verb that are of so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the principal parts.

The principal parts of the Latin verb are the present, the past, and the past participle; as go, went, gone; see, saw, seen, etc.

The principal parts of the Latin verb are the first person singular of the present indicative, the present infinitive, the first person singular of the perfect indicative, and the perfect passive participle.

«184.» «Conjugation Stems.» From the principal parts we get three conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We have already learned about the «present stem», which is found from the present infinitive (cf. §126.a). The other two stems are the «perfect stem» and the «participial stem».

«185.» «The Perfect Stem.» The perfect stem of the verb is formed in various ways, but may always be found by dropping «-ī» from the first person singular of the perfect, the third of the principal parts. From the perfect stem are formed the following tenses:

THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE THE PLUPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE (ENGLISH PAST PERFECT) THE FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE

All these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future time respectively.

«186.» «The Endings of the Perfect.» The perfect active indicative is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL 1. -ī, I 1. -imus, we 2. -istī, you 2. -istis, you 3. -it, he, she, it 3. -ērunt or -ēre, they

«187.» Inflection of «sum» in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative:

               PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC.
  PRIN. PARTS sum esse fuī

PERFECT STEM fu-

    PERFECT
  SINGULAR PLURAL
  fu´ī, I have been, I was fu´imus, we have been, we were
  fuis´tī, fuis´tis, you have been, you were
    you have been, you were
  fu´it, he has been, he was fuē´runt or fuē´re,
                                   they have been, they were

    PLUPERFECT (TENSE SIGN «-erā-»)
  fu´eram, I had been fuerā´mus, we had been
  fu´erās, you had been fuerā´tis, you had been
  fu´erat, he had been fu´erant, they had been

    FUTURE PERFECT (TENSE SIGN «-eri-»)
  fu´erō, I shall have been fue´rimus, we shall have been
  fu´eris, you will have been fue´ritis, you will have been
  fu´erit, he will have been fu´erint, they will have been

1. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect.

2. Observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding «eram», the imperfect of «sum», to the perfect stem. The tense sign is «-erā-».

3. Observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding «erō», the future of «sum», to the perfect stem. But the third person plural ends in «-erint», not in «-erunt». The tense sign is «-eri-».

4. All active perfects, pluperfects, and future perfects are formed on the perfect stem and inflected in the same way.

«188.» DIALOGUE THE BOYS TITUS, MARCUS, AND QUINTUS

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.

  M. Ubi fuistis, Tite et Quīnte?
  T. Ego in meō lūdō fuī et Quīntus in suō lūdō fuit. Bonī puerī fuimus.
    Fuitne Sextus in vīcō hodiē?
  M. Fuit. Nūper per agrōs proximōs fluviō properābat. Ibi is et
    Cornēlius habent nāvigium.
  T. Nāvigium dīcis? Aliī[1] nārrā eam fābulam!
  M. Vērō (Yes, truly), pulchrum et novum nāvigium!
  Q. Cuius pecūniā[2] Sextus et Cornēlius id nāvigium parant? Quis iīs
    pecūniam dat?
  M. Amīcī Cornēlī multum habent aurum et puer pecūniā nōn eget.
  T. Quō puerī nāvigābunt? Nāvigābuntne longē ā terrā?
  M. Dubia sunt cōnsilia eōrum. Sed hodiē, crēdō, sī ventus erit
    idōneus, ad maximam īnsulam nāvigābunt. Iam anteā ibi fuērunt.
    Tum autem ventus erat perfidus et puerī magnō in perīculō erant.
  Q. Aqua ventō commōta est inimīca nautīs semper, et saepe perfidus
    ventus nāvigia rapit, agit, dēletque. Iī puerī, sī