Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

pitching camp_
  Acc. «Mīsit equitēs ad īnsequendum» «Mīsit equitēs ad īnsequendōs
                                             hostīs»
           He sent horsemen to pursue He sent horsemen to pursue
                                             the enemy
  Abl. «Nārrandō fābulās magister «Nārrandīs fābulīs magister
            puerīs placuit» puerīs placuit»
           _The teacher pleased the The teacher pleased the
              boys by telling stories boys by telling stories_

a. We observe

      (1) That the gerund is a noun and the gerundive an adjective.
      (2) That the gerund, being a noun, may stand alone or with an
      object.
      (3) That the gerundive, being an adjective, is used only in
      agreement with a noun.

«406.» RULE. «Gerund and Gerundive.»

1. The Gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns.

2. The Gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual.

«407.» RULE. «Gerund or Gerundive of Purpose.» The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with «ad», or the genitive with «causā»[3] (= for the sake of), is used to express purpose.

  GERUND GERUNDIVE
  «Ad audiendum vēnērunt» or «Ad urbem videndam vēnērunt» or
    «Audiendī causā vēnērunt» «Urbis videndae causā vēnērunt»
    They came to hear They came to see the city

[Footnote 3: «causā» always follows the genitive.]

NOTE. These sentences might, of course, be written with the subjunctive of purpose,—«vēnērunt ut audīrent»; «vēnērunt ut urbem vidērent.» In short expressions, however, the gerund and gerundive of purpose are rather more common.

«408.» We have learned that the word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive, as, «equus Galbae», Galba’s horse. If, now, we wish to express the idea the horse is Galba’s, Galba remains the possessor, and hence in the genitive as before, but now stands in the predicate, as, «equus est Galbae». Hence this is called the predicate genitive.

«409.» RULE. «Predicate Genitive.» The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of «sum», and is then called the predicate genitive.

«410.» IDIOMS

  «alīcui negōtium dare», to employ someone
    (lit. to give business to some one)
  «novīs rēbus studēre», to be eager for a revolution
    (lit. to be eager for new things)
  «reī mīlitāris perītissimus», very skillful in the art of war
  «sē suaque omnia», themselves and all their possessions

«411.» EXERCISES

I. 1. Caesar cum in Galliā bellum gereret, militibus decimae legiōnis maximē fāvit quia reī mīlitāris perītissimī erant. 2. Sociīs negōtium dedit reī frumentāriae cūrandae. 3. Lēgāti nōn sōlum audiendī causā sed etiam dicendī causā vēnērunt. 4. Imperātor iussit explōrātōres locum idōneum mūnindō reperīre. 5. Nuper hae gentēs novīs rēbus studēbant; mox iīs persuādēbō ut Caesarī sē suaque omnia dēdant. 6. Iubēre est regīnae[4] et pārēre est multitūdinis.[4] 7. Hōc proeliō factō quīdam ex hostibus ad pācem petendam venērunt. 8. Erant quī arma trādere nōllent. 9. Hostēs tam celeriter prōgressī sunt ut spatium pīla in hostīs iaciendī non darētur. 10. Spatium neque arma capiendī[5] neque auxilī petendī[5] datum est.

II. 1. These ornaments [6]belong to Cornelia. 2. Men very skillful in the art of war were sent [7]to capture the town. 3. The scouts found a hill suitable for fortifying very near to the river. 4. Soon the cavalry will come [8]to seek supplies. 5. The mind of the Gauls is eager for revolution and for undertaking wars. 6. To lead the line of battle [9]belongs to the general. 7. [10]Whom shall we employ to look after the grain supply?

[Footnote 4: Predicate genitive.]

[Footnote 5: Which of these expressions is gerund and which gerundive?]

[Footnote 6: belong to = are of.]

[Footnote 7: Use the gerundive with «ad».]

[Footnote 8: Use the genitive with «causā». Where should «causā» stand?]

[Footnote 9: Compare the first sentence.]

[Footnote 10: Compare the second sentence in the Latin above.]

LESSON LXXII THE IRREGULAR VERB EŌ · INDIRECT STATEMENTS

«412.» Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of «eō», go (§499).

a. Notice that «ī-», the root of «eō», is changed to «e-» before a vowel, excepting in «iēns», the nominative of the present participle. In the perfect system «-v-» is regularly dropped.

[ Conjugation given in §499:

  PRINCIPAL PARTS «eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum» (n. perf. part.)
  PRES. STEM ī-
  PERF. STEM ī- or īv-
  PART. STEM it-

          INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
          SING. PLUR.
  Pres. eō īmus eam 2d Pers. ī īte
          īs ītis
          it eunt
  Impf. ībam īrem
  Fut. ībō —— 2d Pers. ītō ītōte
                                           3d Pers. ītō euntō
  Perf. iī (īvī) ierim (īverim)
  Plup. ieram (īveram) īssem (īvissem)
  F. P. ierō (īverō)

INFINITIVE Pres. īre Perf. īsse (īvisse) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um esse

PARTICIPLES Pres. iēns, gen. euntis (§472) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um Ger. eundum

GERUND Gen. eundī Dat. eundō Acc. eundum Abl. eundō

SUPINE Acc. [[itum]] Abl. [[itū]] ]

«413.» Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of «eō» with prepositions:

  «ad´eō, adī´re, ad´iī, ad´itus», go to, visit, with the accusative
  «ex´eō, exī´re, ex´iī, ex´itus», go forth, with «ex» or «dē»
    and the ablative of the place from which
  «in´eō, inī´re, in´iī, in´itus», begin, enter upon,
    with the accusative
  «red´eō, redī´re, red´iī, red´itus», return, with «ad» or «in» and
    the accusative of the place to which
  «trāns´eō, trānsī´re, trāns´iī, trāns´itus», cross,
    with the accusative

«414.» «Indirect Statements in English.» Direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect statements:

                      { 1. The Gauls are brave
  Direct statements { 2. The Gauls were brave
                      { 3. The Gauls will be brave

  Indirect statements { 1. He says that the Gauls are brave
    after a verb in { 2. He says that the Gauls were brave
    the present tense { 3. He says that the Gauls will be brave

  Indirect statements { 1. He said that the Gauls were brave
    after a verb in { 2. He said that the Gauls had been brave
    a past tense { 3. He said that the Gauls would be brave

We see that in English

a. The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction that.

    b. The verb is finite (cf. §173) and its subject is in the
    nominative.

    c. The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the
    past tense, He said.

«415.» «Indirect Statements in Latin.» In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows:

    DIRECT { 1. «Gallī sunt fortēs»
  STATEMENTS { 2. «Gallī erant fortēs»
             { 3. «Gallī erunt fortēs»

             { 1. «Dīcit» or «Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs»
             { (He says or He said
             { the Gauls to be brave)[1]
   INDIRECT { 2. «Dīcit» or «Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs»
  STATEMENTS { (He says or He said
             { the Gauls to have been brave)[1]
             { 3. «Dīcit» or «Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs»
             { (He says or He said
             { the Gauls to be about to be brave)[1]

    [Footnote 1: These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as
    translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.]

Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences:

a. There is no conjunction corresponding to that.

b. The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative.

c. The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the principal verb.

«416.» RULE. «Indirect Statements.» When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive.

«417.» «Tenses of the Infinitive.» When the sentences in §415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, «sunt» became «esse», «erant» became «fuisse», and «erunt» became «futūrōs esse».

«418.» RULE. «Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements.» A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive.

NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect.

«419.» RULE. «Verbs followed by Indirect Statements.» The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of «saying», «telling», «knowing», «thinking», and «perceiving».

«420.» Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:

a. Verbs of saying and telling: «dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus», say «negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus», deny, say not «nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus», announce «respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus», reply

  b. Verbs of knowing:
    «cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus», learn,
      (in the perf.) know
    «sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus», know

  c. Verbs of thinking:
    «arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum», think, consider
    «exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus», think, believe
    «iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvi, iūdicātus», judge, decide
    «putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus», reckon, think
    «spērō, spērāre, spērāvi, spērātus», hope

d. Verbs of perceiving: «audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus», hear «sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus», feel, perceive «videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus», see «intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus», understand, perceive

Learn such of these verbs as are new to you.

«421.» IDIOMS
  «postrīdiē eius diēī», on the next day
    (lit. on the next day of that day)
  «initā aestāte», at the beginning of summer
  «memoriā tenēre», to remember (lit. to hold by memory)
  «per explōrātōrēs cognōscere», to learn through scouts

«422.» EXERCISES

I. 1. It, īmus, īte, īre. 2. Euntī, iisse or īsse, ībunt, eunt. 3. Eundi, ut eant, ībitis, īs. 4. Nē īrent, ī, ībant, ierat. 5. Caesar per explorātores cognōvit Gallōs flūmen trānsīsse. 6. Rōmānī audīvērunt Helvētiōs initā aestāte dē fīnibus suīs exitūrōs esse. 7. Legātī respondērunt nēminem ante Caesarem illam īnsulam adīsse. 8. Prīncipēs Gallōrum dīcunt sē nūllum cōnsilium contrā Caesaris imperium initūrōs esse. 9. Arbitrāmur potentiam rēgīnae esse maiōrem quam cīvium. 10. Rōmānī negant se lībertātem Gallīs ēreptūrōs esse. 11. Hīs rēbus cognitīs sēnsimus lēgātōs non vēnisse ad pācem petendam. 12. Helvētii sciunt Rōmānōs priōrēs victōriās memoriā tenēre. 13. Sociī cum intellegerent multōs vulnerārī, statuērunt in suōs fīnīs redīre. 14. Aliquis nūntiāvit Mārcum