English Synonyms and Antonyms by James Champlin Fernald (best ebook reader for laptop TXT) 📕

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is one of the most common of errors, and one of the most difficult to avoid, while their right use gives to style cohesion, firmness, and compactness, and is an important aid to perspicuity. To the text of the synonyms is appended a set of Questions and Examples to adapt the work for use as a text-book. Aside from the purposes of the class-room, this portion will be found of value to the individual student. Excepting those who have made a thorough study of language most persons will discover with surprise how difficult it is to answer any set of the Questions or to fill the blanks in the Examples without referring to the synonym treatment in Part I., or to a dictionary, and how rarely they can give any intelligent reason for preference even among familiar words. There are few who can study such a work without finding occasion to correct some errors into which they have unconsciously fallen, and without coming to a new delight in the use of language from a fuller knowledge of its resources and a clearer sense

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sense? 3. What is a benefaction? a donation? What difference of usage is recognized between the two words? 4. What is a gratuity, and to whom given? 5. What is the sense and use of largess? 6. What is a present, and to whom given? 7. What is the special sense of boon? 8. What is a grant, and by whom made? EXAMPLES.

He gave us only over beast, fish, fowl,
Dominion absolute; that right we hold
By his ——.

True love's the —— which God has given
To man alone beneath the heaven.

"——, ——, noble knights," cried the heralds.

The courts of justice had fallen so low that it was practically impossible to win a cause without a ——.

GIVE (page 185). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the primary meaning of give? the secondary meaning? 2. Can we give what is undesired? 3. Can we give what we are paid for? 4. How is give[442] always understood when there is no limitation in the context? 5. Is it correct to say "He gave it to me for nothing"? 6. What is to grant? 7. What is implied when we speak of granting a favor? 8. What is to confer? 9. What is especially implied in impart? in bestow?

EXAMPLES.

My God shall —— all your need according to his riches in glory by Christ Jesus.

—— to every man that asketh of thee, and from him that would borrow of thee, turn not thou away.

The court promptly —— the injunction.

The king —— upon him the honor of knighthood.

One of the pleasantest things in life is to —— instruction to those who really desire to learn.

GOVERN (page 185). QUESTIONS.

1. What does the word govern imply? How does it differ from control? 2. How do command and control differ? 3. How do rule and govern differ? 4. What is the special significance of sway? of mold? 5. What is it to manage? 6. What is the present meaning of reign? How does it compare with rule?

EXAMPLES.

He that —— his spirit is greater than he that taketh a city.

For some must follow, and some ——
Tho all are made of clay.

Daniel Webster well described the character of "Old Hickory" in the sentence, "I do not say that General Jackson did not mean to —— his country well, but I do say that General Jackson meant to —— his country."

GRACEFUL (page 186). QUESTIONS.

1. What does graceful denote? How is it especially distinguished from beautiful?

EXAMPLES.

How —— upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings that publisheth peace.

A —— myrtle rear'd its head.

GRIEF (page 187). QUESTIONS.

1. What is grief? 2. How does grief compare with sorrow? with sadness? with melancholy? 3. What two chief senses has affliction? 4. What is implied in mourning, in its most common acceptation?

EXAMPLES.

We glory in —— also.

For our light —— which is but for a moment, worketh for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory.

What private —— they have, alas! I know not, that made them do it.

[443]

HABIT (page 187). QUESTIONS.

1. What is custom? routine? Which is the more mechanical? 2. What element does habit add to custom and routine? 3. Should we preferably use custom or habit of a society? of an individual? 4. What is fashion? rule? system? 5. What are use and usage, and how do they differ from each other? 6. What is practise? 7. What is the distinctive meaning of wont?

EXAMPLES.

Every —— is preserved and increased by correspondent actions, as the —— of walking by walking, of running by running.

Montaigne is wrong in declaring that —— ought to be followed simply because it is ——, and not because it is reasonable or just.

Lord Brougham says "The longer I live the more careful I am to entrust everything that I really care to do to the beneficent power of ——."

—— makes perfect.

Without —— little that is valuable is ever learned or done.

HAPPEN (page 188). QUESTIONS.

1. What does happen signify? 2. How does it differ from chance? 3. What is the distinctive meaning of betide? 4. How do both befall and betide differ from happen in grammatical construction? 5. What is the meaning of supervene? 6. Is transpire correctly used in the sense of happen? When may an event be properly said to transpire?

EXAMPLES.

Whatever —— at all —— as it should.

Thou sowest not that body that shall be, but bear grain, it may —— of wheat, or of some other grain.

Ill —— the graceless renegade!

It —— that a secret treaty had been previously concluded between the powers.

If mischief —— him, thou shalt bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave.

HAPPINESS (page 189). QUESTIONS.

1. What is gratification? satisfaction? 2. What is happiness? 3. How does happiness differ from comfort? 4. How does comfort differ from enjoyment? 5. How does pleasure compare with comfort and enjoyment? with happiness? 6. What do gratification and satisfaction express? How do they compare with each other? 7. How does happiness compare with gratification, satisfaction, comfort, and pleasure? with delight and joy? 8. What is delight? ecstasy? rapture? 9. What is triumph? blessedness? bliss?

EXAMPLES.

Sweet is —— after pain.

Virtue alone is —— below.

Hope elevates and —— brightens his crest.

The storm raged without, but within the house all was brightness and ——.

There is no —— so sweet and abiding as that of doing good.

This is the very —— of love.

[444]

HAPPY (page 190). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the original meaning of happy? With what words is it allied in this sense? 2. In what way is happy a synonym of blessed? 3. What is the meaning of happy in its most frequent present use?

EXAMPLES.

—— are they that mourn for they shall be comforted.

To what —— accident is it that we owe so unexpected a visit.

A —— heart maketh a —— countenance.

I would not spend another such a night,
Tho 'twere to buy a world of —— days.
HARMONY (page 191). QUESTIONS.

1. What is harmony? 2. How does harmony compare with agreement? 3. How do concord and accord compare with harmony and with each other? 4. What is conformity? congruity? 5. What is consistency? 6. What is unanimity? 7. How do consent and concurrence compare?

EXAMPLES.

We have made a covenant with death and with hell are we at ——.

Tyrants have made desperate efforts to secure outward —— in religious observances without —— of religious belief.

That action and counteraction which, in the natural and in the political world, from the reciprocal struggle of discordant powers draws out the —— of the universe.

The speaker was, by general ——, allowed to proceed.

HARVEST (page 192). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the original meaning of harvest? its later meaning? 2. How does harvest compare with crop? 3. What is produce? How does it differ from product? 4. What is the meaning of proceeds? yield? return? 5. Is harvest capable of figurative use, and in what sense? 6. What is the special meaning of harvest-home? harvest-tide? harvest-time?

EXAMPLES.

Just tickle the earth with a hoe, and she laughs with an abundant ——.

And the ripe —— of the new-mown hay gives it a sweet and wholesome odor.

It soweth here with toil and care
But the —— of love is there.

Of no distemper, of no blast he died,
But fell like autumn —— that mellowed long.
HATRED (page 193). QUESTIONS.

1. What is repugnance? aversion? 2. How does hatred compare with aversion as[445] applied to persons? as applied to things? 3. What is malice? malignity? 4. What is spite? 5. What are grudge, resentment, and revenge, and how do they compare with one another?

EXAMPLES.

Heaven has no —— like love to —— turned.

The slight put upon him filled him with deep ——.

He ne'er bore —— for stalwart blow
Ta'en in fair fight from gallant foe.

In all cases of wilful injury to person or property, the law presumes ——.

I felt from our first meeting an instinctive —— for the man, which on acquaintance deepened into a settled ——.

HAVE (page 194). QUESTIONS.

1. To what is have applied? How widely inclusive a word is it? 2. What does possess signify? 3. What is to hold? to occupy? 4. How does be in possession compare with possess? 5. How does own compare with possess or with be in possession? 6. What is the difference between the statement that a man has reason, and the statement that he is in possession of his reason?

EXAMPLES.

Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I —— is thine.

I earnestly entreat you, for your own sakes, to —— yourselves of solid reasons.

He occupies the house, but does not —— it.

HAZARD (page 194). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the meaning of hazard? 2. How does hazard compare with danger? 3. How do risk and venture compare with chance and hazard, and with each other? 4. How do accident and casualty differ? 5. What is a contingency?

EXAMPLES.

We must take the current when it serves or lose our ——.

I have set my life upon a cast, and I will stand the —— of the die.

There is no —— in doing known duty.

Do you think it necessary to provide for every —— before taking the first step?

HEALTHY (page 195). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the meaning of healthy? of healthful? Are the words properly interchangeable? 2. What are the chief synonyms of healthy? of healthful? 3. In what sense is salubrious used, and to what is it applied? 4. To what realm does salutary belong?

EXAMPLES.

In books, or work, or —— play let my first years be passed.

Blessed is the —— nature; it is the coherent, sweetly cooperative, not the self-distracting one.

[446]

HELP (page 195). QUESTIONS.

1. Is help or aid the stronger term? 2. Which is used in excitement or emergency? 3. Does help include aid or does aid include help? 4. Which implies the seconding of another's exertions? Do we aid or help the helpless? 5. How do cooperate and assist differ? 6. To what do encourage and uphold refer? succor and support?

EXAMPLES.

He does not prevent a crime when he can —— it.

Know then whatever cheerful and serene —— the mind —— the body too.

HERETIC (page 196). QUESTIONS.

1. What is a heretic? a schismatic? 2. In what does a heretic differ from his church or religious body? a schismatic? 3. How do a heretic and a schismatic often differ in action? 4. How are the terms dissenter and non-conformist usually applied?

EXAMPLES.

A man that is an ——, after the first and second admonition, reject.

Churchmen and —— alike resisted the tyranny of James II.

HETEROGENEOUS (page 196). QUESTIONS.

1. When are substances heterogeneous as regards each other? 2. When is a mixture, as cement, said to be heterogeneous? when homogeneous? 3. What is the special significance of non-homogeneous? 4. How does miscellaneous differ from heterogeneous?

EXAMPLES.

My second son received a sort of —— education at home.

Courtier and patriot can not mix
Their —— politics
Without an effervescence.
HIDE (page 197). QUESTIONS.

1. Which is the most general term of this group, and what does it signify? 2. Is an object hidden by intention, or in what other way or ways, if any? 3. Does conceal evince intention? 4. How does secrete compare with conceal? How is it chiefly used? 5. What is it to cover? to screen?

EXAMPLES.

Men use thought only as authority for their

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