English Synonyms and Antonyms by James Champlin Fernald (best ebook reader for laptop TXT) 📕

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is one of the most common of errors, and one of the most difficult to avoid, while their right use gives to style cohesion, firmness, and compactness, and is an important aid to perspicuity. To the text of the synonyms is appended a set of Questions and Examples to adapt the work for use as a text-book. Aside from the purposes of the class-room, this portion will be found of value to the individual student. Excepting those who have made a thorough study of language most persons will discover with surprise how difficult it is to answer any set of the Questions or to fill the blanks in the Examples without referring to the synonym treatment in Part I., or to a dictionary, and how rarely they can give any intelligent reason for preference even among familiar words. There are few who can study such a work without finding occasion to correct some errors into which they have unconsciously fallen, and without coming to a new delight in the use of language from a fuller knowledge of its resources and a clearer sense

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How does it differ from an obstacle or obstruction? 6. Is a difficulty within one or without? EXAMPLES.

Something between a —— and a help.

Thus far into the bowels of the land
Have we march'd without ——.

Demosthenes became the foremost orator of the world in spite of an —— in his speech.

——s overcome are the stepping-stones by which great men rise.

IMPUDENCE (page 213). QUESTIONS.

1. What does impertinence primarily denote? What is its common acceptation? 2. What is impudence? insolence? 3. What is officiousness? 4. What does rudeness suggest?

EXAMPLES.

With matchless —— they style a wife
The dear-bought curse, and lawful plague of life.

It is better not to turn friendship into a system of lawful and unpunishable ——.

A certain class of ill-natured people mistake —— for frankness.

INCONGRUOUS (page 214). QUESTIONS.

1. When are things said to be incongruous? 2. To what is discordant applied? inharmonious? 3. What does incompatible signify? When are things said to be incompatible? 4. To what does inconsistent apply? 5. What illustrations of the uses of these words are given in the text? 6. What is the meaning of incommensurable?[453]

EXAMPLES.

No solitude is so solitary as that of —— companionship.

I hear a strain —— as a merry dirge, or sacramental bacchanal might be.

INDUCTION (page 215). QUESTIONS.

1. What is deduction? induction? 2. What is the proof of an induction? 3. What process is ordinarily followed in what is known as scientific induction? 4. How do deduction and induction compare as to the certainty of the conclusion? 5. How does an induction compare with an inference?

EXAMPLES.

The longer one studies a vast subject the more cautious in —— he becomes.

Perhaps the widest and best known —— of Biology, is that organisms grow.

INDUSTRIOUS (page 215). QUESTIONS.

1. How does busy differ from industrious? 2. What is the implication if we say one is industrious just now? 3. What does diligent add to the meaning of industrious?

EXAMPLES.

Look cheerfully upon me,
Here, love; thou see'st how —— I am.

The —— have no time for tears.

INDUSTRY (page 216). QUESTIONS.

1. What is industry? 2. What does assiduity signify as indicated by its etymology? diligence? 3. How does application compare with assiduity? 4. What is constancy? patience? perseverance? 5. What is persistence? What implication does it frequently convey? 6. How does industry compare with diligence? 7. To what do labor and pains especially refer?

EXAMPLES.

Honors come by ——; riches spring from economy.

'Tis —— supports us all.

There is no success in study without close, continuous, and intense ——.

His —— in wickedness would have won him enduring honor if it had taken the form of —— in a better cause.

INFINITE (page 216). QUESTIONS.

1. From what language is infinite derived, and with what meaning? To what may it be applied? 2. How do countless, innumerable, and numberless compare with infinite? 3. What is the use of boundless, illimitable, limitless, measureless,[454] and unlimited? 4. What are the dimensions of infinite space? What is the duration of infinite time?

EXAMPLES.

My bounty is as —— as the sea, my love as deep, the more I give to thee, the more I have, for both are ——.

Man's inhumanity to man makes —— thousands mourn.

INFLUENCE (page 217). QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to influence? is one influenced by external or internal force? 2. To what kind of power does actuate refer? Does one person actuate or influence another? 3. What do prompt and stir imply? 4. What is it to excite? 5. What do incite and instigate signify? How do these two words differ? 6. What do urge and impel imply? How do they differ in the source of the power exerted? 7. What do drive and compel imply, and how do these two words compare with each other?

EXAMPLES.

He was —— by his own violent passions to desperate crime.

And well she can ——.

Fine thoughts are wealth, for the right use of which
Men are and ought to be accountable,
If not to Thee, to those they ——.
INHERENT (page 218). QUESTIONS.

1. What does inherent signify? 2. To what realm of thought does immanent belong? What does it signify? How does it differ from inherent? Which is applied to the Divine Being? 3. To what do congenital, innate, and inborn apply as distinguished from inherent and intrinsic? 4. With what special reference does congenital occur in medical and legal use? 5. What is the difference in use between innate and inborn? 6. What does inbred add to the sense of innate or inborn? 7. What is ingrained?

EXAMPLES.

An —— power in the life of the world.

All men have an —— right to life, liberty, and protection.

He evinced an —— stupidity that seemed almost tantamount to —— idiocy.

Many philosophers hold that God is —— in nature.

Any stable currency must be founded at last upon something, as gold or silver, that has —— value.

The wrongs and abuses which are —— in the very structure and constitution of society as it now exists throughout Christendom.

INJURY (page 219). QUESTIONS.

1. From what language is injury derived? What is its primary meaning? Its[455] derived meaning? 2. How inclusive a word is injury? 3. From what is damage derived, and with what original sense? detriment? How do these words compare in actual use? 4. How does damage compare with loss? How can a loss be said to be partial? 5. What is evil, and with what frequent suggestion? 6. What is harm? hurt? How do these words compare with injury? 7. What is mischief? How caused, and with what intent?

EXAMPLES.

Nothing can work me ——, except myself; the —— that I sustain I carry about with me, and never am a real sufferer but by my own fault.

Hippolyta, I woo'd thee with my sword,
And won thy love, doing thee ——.
INJUSTICE (page 220). QUESTIONS.

1. What is injustice? 2. How does wrong differ from injustice in legal use? How in popular use? 3. What is iniquity in the legal sense? in the common sense?

EXAMPLES.

War in men's eyes shall be a monster of ——.

No man can mortgage his —— as a pawn for his fidelity.

Such an act is an —— upon humanity.

INNOCENT (page 220). QUESTIONS.

1. What does innocent in the full sense signify? 2. Is innocent positive or negative? How does it compare with righteous, upright, or virtuous? 3. In what two applications may immaculate, pure, and sinless be used? 4. With what limited sense is innocent used of moral beings? 5. In what sense is innocent applied to inanimate substances?

EXAMPLES.

They are as —— as grace itself.

For blessings ever wait on —— deeds,
And tho a late, a sure reward succeeds.

The wicked flee where no man pursueth, but the —— are bold as a lion.

A daughter, and a goodly babe;
... the queen receives
Much comfort in't: says, My poor prisoner,
I am —— as you.
INQUISITIVE (page 221). QUESTIONS.

1. What are the characteristics of an inquisitive person? 2. Is inquisitive ever used in a good sense? What, in that sense, is ordinarily preferred? 3. What does curious signify, and how does it differ from inquisitive?[456]

EXAMPLES.

His was an anxiously —— mind, a scrupulously conscientious heart.

Adrian was the most —— man that ever lived, and the most universal inquirer.

I am —— to know the cause of this sudden change of purpose.

INSANITY (page 221). QUESTIONS.

1. What is insanity in the widest sense? in its restricted use? Which use is the more frequent? 2. From what is lunacy derived? What did it originally imply? In what sense is it now used? 3. What is madness? 4. What is derangement? delirium? 5. What is the specific meaning of dementia? 6. What is aberration? 7. What is the distinctive meaning of hallucination? 8. What is monomania? 9. What are frenzy and mania?

EXAMPLES.

Go—you may call it ——, folly—you shall not chase my gloom away.

All power of fancy over reason is a degree of ——.

INTERPOSE (page 222). QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to interpose? 2. How does intercede differ from interpose? 3. What is it to intermeddle? How does it differ from meddle? from interfere? 4. What do arbitrate and mediate involve?

EXAMPLES.

Dion, his brother, —— for him and his life was saved.

Nature has —— a natural barrier between England and the continent.

INVOLVE (page 223). QUESTIONS.

1. From what language is involve derived, and with what primary meaning? 2. How does involve compare with implicate? 3. Are these words used in the favorable or the unfavorable sense? 4. As regards results what is the difference between include, imply, and involve?

EXAMPLES.

Rocks may be squeezed into new forms, bent, contorted, and ——.

An oyster-shell sometimes —— a pearl.

—— in other men's affairs, he went down to their ruin.

JOURNEY (page 223). QUESTIONS.

1. From what language is journey derived? What is its primary meaning? Its present meaning? 2. What is travel? How does it differ from journey? 3. What was the former meaning of voyage? its present meaning? 4. What is a trip? a tour? 5. What is the meaning and common use of passage? of[457] transit? 6. What is the original meaning of pilgrimage? How is it now used?

EXAMPLES.

—— makes all men countrymen.

All the —— of their life is bound in shallows and in miseries.

It were a —— like the path to heaven,
To help you find them.
JUDGE (page 224). QUESTIONS.

1. What is a judge in the legal sense? 2. What other senses has the word judge in common use? 3. What is a referee, and how appointed? an arbitrator? 4. What is the popular sense of umpire? the legal sense? 5. What is the present use of arbiter? 6. What are the judges of the United States Supreme Court officially called?

EXAMPLES.

The end crowns all,
And that old common ——, Time,
Will one day end it.

A man who is no —— of law may be a good —— of poetry.

The —— is only the mouth of law, and the magistrate who punishes is only the hand.

JUSTICE (page 225). QUESTIONS.

1. What is justice in governmental relations? in social and personal relations? in matters of reasoning or literary treatment? 2. To what do integrity, rectitude, right, righteousness, and virtue apply? What do all these include? 3. What two contrasted senses has lawfulness? 4. To what does justness refer, and in what sense is it used?

EXAMPLES.

—— exalteth a nation.

—— of life is fame's best friend.

He shall have merely ——, and his bond.

KEEP (page 226). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the general meaning of keep? 2. How does keep compare with preserve? fulfil? maintain? 3. What does keep imply when used as a synonym of guard or defend?

EXAMPLES.

These make and —— the balance of the mind.

The good old rule
Sufficeth them,—the simple plan,
That they should take who have the power
And they should —— who can.

—— thy shop, and thy shop will —— thee.

[458]

KILL (page 226). QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to kill? 2. To what are assassinate, execute, and murder restricted? 3. What is the specific meaning of murder? execute? assassinate? To what class of persons is the latter word ordinarily applied? 4. What is it to slay? 5. To what is massacre limited? With what special meaning is it used? 6. To what

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