English Synonyms and Antonyms by James Champlin Fernald (best ebook reader for laptop TXT) 📕

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is one of the most common of errors, and one of the most difficult to avoid, while their right use gives to style cohesion, firmness, and compactness, and is an important aid to perspicuity. To the text of the synonyms is appended a set of Questions and Examples to adapt the work for use as a text-book. Aside from the purposes of the class-room, this portion will be found of value to the individual student. Excepting those who have made a thorough study of language most persons will discover with surprise how difficult it is to answer any set of the Questions or to fill the blanks in the Examples without referring to the synonym treatment in Part I., or to a dictionary, and how rarely they can give any intelligent reason for preference even among familiar words. There are few who can study such a work without finding occasion to correct some errors into which they have unconsciously fallen, and without coming to a new delight in the use of language from a fuller knowledge of its resources and a clearer sense

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acts
Of kindness and of love.

Spirits that live throughout,
Vital in every —— ...
Can not but by annihilating die.

Many cheap houses were built to be sold by ——s.

PARTICLE (page 264). QUESTIONS.

1. What is a particle? 2. What does atom etymologically signify? What is its meaning in present scientific use? 3. What is a molecule, and of what is it regarded as composed? 4. What is an element in chemistry?

EXAMPLES.

Lucretius held that the universe originated from a fortuitous concourse of ——s.

But thou shalt flourish in immortal youth,
Unhurt amidst the war of ——s,
The wreck of matter and the crush of worlds.

Many aquatic animals, whose food consists of small —— diffused through the water, have an apparatus for creating currents so as to bring such —— within their reach.

PATIENCE (page 265). QUESTIONS.

1. What is patience? 2. What is endurance? 3. How does patience compare with submission and endurance? 4. To what are submission and resignation[476] ordinarily applied? 5. What is forbearance? How does it compare with patience?

EXAMPLES.

With —— bear the lot to thee assigned,
Nor think it chance, nor murmur at the load,
For know what man calls Fortune is from God.

There is, however, a limit at which —— ceases to be a virtue.

PAY (page 266). QUESTIONS.

1. What is pay? compensation? remuneration? recompense? 2. What is an allowance? 3. What are wages? earnings? 4. What is hire? what does it imply? 5. For what is salary paid? How does it differ from wages? 6. What is a fee, and for what given?

EXAMPLES.

I am not aware that ——, or even favors, however gracious, bind any man's soul.

Our praises are our ——.

Carey, in early life, was a country minister with a small ——.

Laborers are remunerated by ——, and officials by ——.

PEOPLE (page 266). QUESTIONS.

1. What is a community? a commonwealth? 2. What is a people? a race? 3. What is a state? a nation? 4. What does population signify? tribe?

EXAMPLES.

A —— may let a king fall, and still remain a ——, but if a king let his —— slip from him, he is no longer a king.

Questions of —— have played a great part in the politics and wars of the latter half of the nineteenth century, the Germanic ——, the Slavonic ——, the Italian, and the Greek ——s struggling to assert their unity.

PERCEIVE (page 267). QUESTIONS.

1. What class of things do we perceive? 2. How does apprehend differ in scope from perceive? 3. What does conceive signify? 4. How does comprehend compare with apprehend? with conceive?

EXAMPLES.

We may —— the tokens of the divine agency without being able to —— or —— the divine Being.

... Admitted once to his embrace,
Thou shalt —— that thou wast blind before.

O horror! horror! horror! Tongue nor heart
Can not —— nor name thee!

[477]

PERFECT (page 268). QUESTIONS.

1. What is perfect in the fullest and highest sense? 2. What is absolute in the fullest sense? 3. What is perfect in the limited sense, and in popular language?

EXAMPLES.

We have the idea of a Being infinitely ——, and from this Descartes reasoned that such a being really exists.

'Shall remain'!
Hear you this Triton of the minnows? mark you
His —— 'shall'?
PERMANENT (page 269). QUESTIONS.

1. From what is durable derived? to what class of substances is it applied? 2. What is permanent, and in what connections used? 3. How does enduring compare with durable? with permanent?

EXAMPLES.

My heart is wax, molded as she pleases, but —— as marble to retain.

A violet in the youth of primy nature,
Forward, not ——, sweet, not ——,
The perfume and suppliance of a minute.

For her merchandise shall be for them that dwell before the Lord, to eat sufficiently, and for —— clothing.

PERMISSION (page 269). QUESTIONS.

1. What is authority? 2. What is permission? 3. How does permission compare with allowance? 4. What is a permit? 5. What is license? How does it compare with authority? with permission? 6. What does consent involve?

EXAMPLES.

God is more there than thou; for thou art there
Only by his ——.

Thieves for their robbery have ——,
When judges steal themselves.

Very few of the Egyptians avail themselves of the —— which their religion allows them, of having four wives.

PERNICIOUS (page 270). QUESTIONS.

1. From what is pernicious derived, and what does it signify? 2. How does pernicious compare with injurious? 3. What does noisome denote? 4. What is the distinctive sense of noxious? 5. How does noxious compare with noisome?

EXAMPLES.

Inflaming wine, —— to mankind.

So bees with smoke, and doves with —— stench,
[478] Are from their hives, and houses, driven away.

The strong smell of sulfur, and a choking sensation of the lungs indicated the presence of —— gases.

PERPLEXITY (page 270). QUESTIONS.

1. What is perplexity? confusion? How do the two words compare? 2. How do bewilderment and confusion compare? 3. From what does amazement result?

EXAMPLES.

Caius.—Vere is mine host de Jarterre?
Host.—Here, master doctor, in —— and doubtful dilemma.

There is such —— in my powers
As, after some oration fairly spoke
By a beloved prince, there doth appear
Among the buzzing, pleased multitude.
PERSUADE (page 271). QUESTIONS.

1. What does convince denote? How does it differ from the other words of the group? 2. What is it to persuade? 3. How is convincing related to persuasion? 4. How does coax compare with persuade?

EXAMPLES.

A long train of these practises has at length unwillingly —— me that there is something hid behind the throne greater than the king himself.

He had a head to contrive, a tongue to ——, and a hand to execute any mischief.

PERVERSE (page 272). QUESTIONS.

1. What is the etymological meaning of perverse? What does it signify in common use? 2. What does petulant signify? wayward?

EXAMPLES.

And you, my lords—methinks you do not well,
To bear with their —— objections.

Whining, purblind, —— boy!

Good Lord! what madness rules in brainsick men
When, for so slight and frivolous a cause,
Such —— emulations shall arise.
PHYSICAL (page 272). QUESTIONS.

1. What does material signify? 2. What idea does physical add to that contained in material? 3. To what do bodily, corporal, and corporeal apply? 4. How do bodily and corporal differ from corporeal? 5. To what is corporal now for the most part limited?[479]

EXAMPLES.

—— punishment is practically abandoned in the greater number of American schools.

Man has two parts, the one —— and earthly, the other immaterial and spiritual.

These races are all clearly differentiated by other —— traits than the color of the skin.

We can not think of substance save in terms that imply —— properties.

PITIFUL (page 273). QUESTIONS.

1. What was the original meaning of pitiful? What does it now signify? 2. How does pitiful differ in use from pitiable? 3. What was the early and what is the present sense of piteous?

EXAMPLES.

There is something pleading and —— in the simplicity of perfect ignorance.

The most —— sight one ever sees is a young man doing nothing; the Furies early drag him to his doom.

O, the most —— cry of the poor souls!

PITY (page 273). QUESTIONS.

1. What is pity? sympathy? 2. How does sympathy in its exercise differ from pity? 3. How does pity differ from mercy? 4. How does compassion compare with mercy and pity? 5. How does commiseration differ from compassion?

EXAMPLES.

Nothing but the Infinite —— is sufficient for the infinite pathos of human life.

He hallows every heart he once has swayed,
And when his presence we no longer share,
Still leaves —— as a relic there.
PLEAD (page 274). QUESTIONS.

1. What is it to plead in the ordinary sense? in the legal sense? 2. How do argue and advocate differ? 3. What do beseech, entreat, and implore imply? 4. How does solicit compare with the above words?

EXAMPLES.

Speak to me low, my Savior, low and sweet,

··· Lest I should fear and fall, and miss thee so,
Who art not missed by any that ——.

Speaking of the honor paid to good men, is it not time to —— for a reform in the writing of biographies?

[480]

PLEASANT (page 275). QUESTIONS.

1. What does pleasant add to the sense of pleasing? 2. How does pleasant compare with kind? 3. What does good-natured signify? How does it compare with pleasant?

EXAMPLES.

Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to —— dreams.

When fiction rises —— to the eye,
Men will believe because they love the lie.

... If we must part forever,
Give me but one —— word to think upon.
PLENTIFUL (page 276). QUESTIONS.

1. What kind of a term is enough, and what does it mean? 2. How does sufficient compare with enough? 3. What is ample? 4. To what do abundant, ample, liberal, and plentiful apply? 5. How is copious used? affluent? plentiful? 6. What does complete express? 7. In what sense are lavish and profuse employed? 8. To what is luxuriant applied?

EXAMPLES.

My —— joys,
Wanton in fulness, seek to hide themselves
In drops of sorrow.

Can anybody remember when the right sort of men and the right sort of women were ——?

Share the advice betwixt you; if both gain all,
The gift doth stretch itself as 'tis received,
And is —— for both.

He hasted, and opposed the rocky orb
Of tenfold adamant, his —— shield.
POETRY (page 277). QUESTIONS.

1. What is poetry? 2. Does poetry involve rime? Does it require meter? 3. What is imperatively required beyond verse, rime, or meter to constitute poetry?

EXAMPLES.

—— is rhythmical, imaginative language, expressing the invention, taste, thought, passion, and insight of a human soul.

He knew
Himself to sing, and build the lofty ——.

And ever against eating cares,
Lap me in soft Lydian airs,
Married to immortal ——.

[481]

POLITE (page 277). QUESTIONS.

1. What are the characteristics of a civil person? What more is found in one who is polite? 2. How does courteous compare with civil? 3. What does courtly signify? genteel? urbane? 4. In what sense is polished used? complaisant?

EXAMPLES.

She is not —— for the sake of seeming ——, but —— for the sake of being kind.

He was so generally —— that nobody thanked him for it.

Her air, her manners, all who saw admired; —— tho coy, and gentle tho retired.

POVERTY (page 279). QUESTIONS.

1. What does poverty strictly denote? What does it signify in ordinary use? 2. What does privation signify? How does it compare with distress? 3. What is indigence? destitution? penury? 4. What does pauperism properly signify? How does it differ from beggary and mendicancy?

POWER (page 279). QUESTIONS.

1. What is power? 2. Is power limited to intelligent agents, or how widely applied? 3. How does ability compare with power? 4. What is capacity, and how related to power and to ability? 5. What is competency? faculty? talent? 6. What are dexterity and skill? How are they related to talent? 7. What is efficacy? efficiency?

EXAMPLES.

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