All About Coffee by William H. Ukers (best new books to read .TXT) π
CHAPTER II
HISTORY OF COFFEE PROPAGATION
A brief account of the cultivation of the coffee plant in the Old World, and of its introduction into the New--A romantic coffee adventure Page 5
CHAPTER III
EARLY HISTORY OF COFFEE DRINKING
Coffee in the Near East in the early centuries--Stories of its origin--Discovery by physicians and adoption by the Church--Its spread through Arabia, Persia, and Turkey--Persecutions and Intolerances--Early coffee manners and customs Page 11
CHAPTER IV
INTRODUCTION OF COFFEE INTO WESTERN EUROPE
When the three great temperance beverages, cocoa, tea, and coffee, came to Europe--Coffee first mentioned by Rauwolf in 1582--Early days of coffee in Italy--How Pope Clement VIII baptized it and made it a truly Christian beverage--The first Europe
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The loss of coffee in weight in the roasting operation, or shrinkage as it is called, is a matter which offers opportunities for false claims of advantage in roasting processes. Anybody can see that if just as good roasted coffee could be produced with a lessened shrinkage there would be a chance for a decided increase in profits. It is a sort of finding-money proposition which always turns out to be too good to be true. The purpose of roasting coffee is to produce an article entirely different from green coffee, which is accomplished mainly by driving out moisture. If coffee is roasted thoroughly, inside as well as outside, so as to give the greatest roasted coffee value, it must sustain a proper loss in weight which there is no legitimate way to avoid. The amount of shrinkage varies a great deal with the kind of coffee and its age, also with the kind of roasting desired.
Adding a little water to the coffee at the end of the operation has the advantage of checking the roast at the desired point and helping to swell and brighten the coffee, but it is a practice which is sometimes abused by soaking the coffee with water so as to reduce the shrinkage. This is done either dishonestly, to steal coffee which belongs to somebody else, or foolishly; for the heavier coffee has a lessened cup value which more than counterbalances the apparent gain.
A Typical Coal Roaster
A typical United States coal roaster is shown in the accompanying cut. It is the latest form of that type of Burns machine which requires a brickwork setting. The picture shows the roaster ready to operate, except for smoke pipe and power connections.
The front of the machine shown has a cast-iron plate having brackets which support the cylinder front bearing, and double fire doors below for the furnace and the ash pit. The movable part of the roaster is hidden by the front head, a heavy casting which stands still except when moved by hand through a half-turn for feeding and discharging.
The cylinder is driven by gears at the back, revolving constantly at uniform speed. The inside of the cylinder is arranged with reverse-spiral flanges which mix the coffee perfectly and make uneven roasting impossible; and they discharge promptly every grain of coffee when the front-head opening is turned to the lower position. The roaster is generally operated with coal fuel, but can be used with gas by installing a suitable burner under the cylinder.
Cost Card for Roasters
Showing the value added to the cost of green coffee by roasting
By A.C. Aborn
Basis: 16 percent Shrinkage.
3β4 cent a pound for Roasting. G = Cost Green, Cents per Lb.
R = Cost Roasted, Cents per Lb. G R G R G R G R 5 6.85 12 15.18 19 23.51 26 31.85 51β8 6.99 121β8 15.33 191β8 23.66 261β8 31.99 51β4 7.14 121β4 15.48 191β4 23.81 261β4 32.14 53β8 7.29 123β8 15.63 193β8 23.96 263β8 32.29 51β2 7.44 121β2 15.77 191β2 24.11 261β2 32.44 55β8 7.59 125β8 15.92 195β8 24.26 265β8 32.59 53β4 7.74 123β4 16.07 193β4 24.40 263β4 32.74 57β8 7.89 127β8 16.22 197β8 24.55 267β8 32.89 6 8.04 13 16.37 20 24.70 27 33.04 61β8 8.19 131β8 16.52 201β8 24.85 271β8 33.18 61β4 8.33 131β4 16.67 201β4 25.00 271β4 33.33 63β8 8.48 133β8 16.82 203β8 25.15 273β8 33.48 61β2 8.63 131β2 16.97 201β2 25.30 271β2 33.63 65β8 8.78 135β8 17.11 205β8 25.45 275β8 33.78 63β4 8.93 133β4 17.26 203β4 25.60 273β4 33.93 67β8 9.08 137β8 17.41 207β8 25.75 277β8 34.08 7 9.23 14 17.56 21 25.89 28 34.23 71β8 9.37 141β8 17.71 211β8 26.04 281β8 34.38 71β4 9.52 141β4 17.86 211β4 26.19 281β4 34.52 73β8 9.67 143β8 18.01 213β8 26.34 283β8 34.67 71β2 9.82 141β2 18.15 211β2 26.49 281β2 34.82 75β8 9.97 145β8 18.30 215β8 26.64 285β8 34.97 73β4 10.12 143β4 18.45 213β4 26.79 283β4 35.12 77β8 10.27 147β8 18.60 217β8 26.93 287β8 35.27 8 10.42 15 18.75 22 27.08 29 35.42 81β8 10.57 151β8 18.90 221β8 27.23 291β8 35.57 81β4 10.71 151β4 19.05 221β4 27.38 291β4 35.71 83β8 10.86 153β8 19.20 223β8 27.53 293β8 35.86 81β2 11.01 151β2 19.35 221β2 27.68 291β2 36.01 85β8 11.16 155β8 19.49 225β8 27.83 295β8 36.16 83β4 11.31 153β4 19.64 223β4 27.98 293β4 36.31 87β8 11.46 157β8 19.79 227β8 28.13 297β8 36.46 9 11.61 16 19.94 23 28.27 30 36.61 91β8 11.76 161β8 20.09 231β8 28.42 301β8 36.76 91β4 11.90 161β4 20.24 231β4 28.57 301β4 36.90 93β8 12.05 163β8 20.39 233β8 28.72 303β8 37.05 91β2 12.20 161β2 20.54 231β2 28.87 301β2 37.20 95β8 12.35 165β8 20.68 235β8 29.02 305β8 37.35 93β4 12.50 163β4 20.83 233β4 29.17 303β4 37.50 97β8 12.65 167β8 20.98 237β8 29.32 307β8 37.65 10 12.80 17 21.13 24 29.46 31 37.80 101β8 12.95 171β8 21.28 241β8 29.61 311β8 37.95 101β4 13.10 171β4 21.43 241β4 29.76 311β4 38.10 103β8 13.24 173β8 21.58 243β8 29.91 313β8 38.24 101β2 13.39 171β2 21.73 241β2 30.06 311β2 38.39 105β8 13.54 175β8 21.87 245β8 30.21 315β8 38.54 103β4 13.69 173β4 22.02 243β4 30.36 313β4 38.69 107β8 13.84 177β8 22.17 247β8 30.51 317β8 38.84 11 13.99 18 22.32 25 30.65 32 38.90 111β8 14.14 181β8 22.47 251β8 30.80 321β8 39.14 111β4 14.29 181β4 22.62 251β4 30.95 321β4 39.29 113β8 14.43 183β8 22.77 253β8 31.10 323β8 39.43 111β2 14.58 181β2 22.92 251β2 31.25 321β2 39.58 115β8 14.73 185β8 23.07 255β8 31.40 325β8 39.73 113β4 14.88 183β4 23.21 253β4 31.55 323β4 39.88 117β8 15.03 187β8 23.36 257β8 31.70 327β8 40.03
A GREEN COFFEE SHRINKAGE TABLE
Showing shrinkage in roasting of raw coffee in quantities from sixty pounds up to
three hundred pounds, and at six different shrinkage percentages
Compiled by R.C. Wilhelm, New York RAW 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% RAW 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% RAW 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 60 523β4 521β4 511β2 51 501β2 493β4 140 1231β4 1213β4 1201β2 119 1171β2 1161β4 220 1931β2 1911β2 1891β4 187 1843β4 1821β2 61 533β4 53 521β2 513β4 511β4 503β4 141 124 1223β4 1211β4 1193β4 1181β2 117 221 1941β2 1921β4 190 1873β4 1853β4 1831β2 62 541β2 54 531β4 521β4 52 511β2 142 125 1231β2 122 1203β4 1191β4 1173β4 222 1951β4 1931β4 191 1883β4 1861β2 1841β4 63 551β2 543β4 54 531β2 53 521β4 143 1253β4 1241β2 123 1211β2 120 1183β4 223 1961β4 194 1913β4 1891β2 1871β4 185 64 561β4 553β4 55 541β2 533β4 53 144 1263β4 1251β4 1233β4 1221β2 121 1191β2 224 197 195 1923β4 1901β2 1881β4 186 65 571β4 561β2 56 551β4 541β2 54 145 1271β2 1261β4 1243β4 1231β4 1213β4 1201β4 225 198 1953β4 1931β2 1911β4 189 1863β4 66 58 571β2 563β4 56 551β2 543β4 146 1281β2 127 1251β2 124 1223β4 1211β4 226 199 1961β2 1941β4 192 1893β4 1871β2 67 59 581β4 573β4 57 561β4 551β2 147 1291β4 128 1261β2 125 1231β2 122 227 1993β4 1971β2 1951β4 193 1903β4 1881β2 68 593β4 591β4 581β2 573β4 57 561β2 148 1301β4 1283β4 1271β4 1253β4 1241β4 1223β4 228 2003β4 1981β4 196 1933β4 1911β2 1891β4 69 603β4 60 591β4 583β4 58 571β4 149 131 1293β4 1281β4 1263β4 1251β4 1233β4 229 2011β2 1991β4 197 1943β4 1921β4 190 70 611β2 61 601β4 591β2 583β4 58 150 132 1301β
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