Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

length command, power for this reason captive fear (noun) or return and inquire arrive set out attempt, try move out, disembark fear (verb) leave worse abandon greater, larger be strong two by two receive, recover least (adv.) terrify, frighten opinion, expectation dwell defend state, citizenship approach, entrance valley trader slavery magnitude, size greatly council, assembly best of all (adv.) space, room better (adv.) either … or well (adv.) rise, arise very much suffer, allow much press hard unlike fall like (adj.) surrender slow set fire to very greatly, exceedingly possess, hold building delay (verb) mind (noun) nearest (adv.) easily nearer (adv.) easy better (adj.) recent well known, noble huge, great rampart bold mild, gentle immediately swift as soon as eager for low (adj.) than slender best (adj.) one by one greatest no one follow close least (adv.) encourage little (adv.) annoy, ravage learn, know hide drag follow undertake pursue run both … and fix, decide

«526.» «Review Questions.» What is meant by comparison? In what two ways may adjectives be compared? Compare «clārus, brevis, vēlōx», and explain the formation of the comparative and the superlative. What are the adverbs used in comparison? Compare «brevis» by adverbs. Decline the comparative of «vēlōx». How are adjectives in «-er» compared? Compare «ācer», «pulcher», «liber». What are possible translations for the comparative and superlative? Name the six adjectives that form the superlative in «-limus». Translate in two ways Nothing is brighter than the sun. Give the rule for the ablative with comparatives. Compare «bonus, magnus, malus, multus, parvus, exterus, īnferus, posterus, superus». Decline «plūs». Compare «citerior, interior, propior, ulterior». Translate That route to Italy is much shorter. Give the rule for the expression of measure of difference. Name five words that are especially common in this construction. How are adverbs usually formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions? from adjectives of the third declension? Compare the adverbs «cārē», «līberē», «fortiter», «audācter». What cases of adjectives are sometimes used as adverbs? What are the adverbs from «facilis»? «multus? prīmus? plūrimus»? «bonus»? «magnus»? «parvus»? Compare «prope», «saepe», «magnopere». How are numerals classified? Give the first twenty cardinals. Decline «ūnus, duo, trēs, mīlle». How are the hundreds declined? What is meant by the partitive genitive? Give the rule for the partitive genitive. What sort of words are commonly used with this construction? What construction is used with «quīdam» and cardinal numbers excepting «mīlle»? Give the first twenty ordinals. How are they declined? How are the distributives declined? Give the rule for the expression of duration of time and extent of space. What is the difference between the ablative of time and the accusative of time? What is a deponent verb? Give the synopsis of one. What form always has a passive meaning? Conjugate «amō», «moneō», «regō», «capiō», «audiō», in the active and passive.

VIII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXI-LXIX

«527.» Review the vocabularies of the first seventeen lessons. See §§502, 503, 506, 507.

«528.» «Review Questions.» Name the tenses of the subjunctive. What time is denoted by these tenses? What are the mood signs of the present subjunctive? How may the imperfect subjunctive be formed? How do the perfect subjunctive and the future perfect indicative active differ in form? How is the pluperfect subjunctive active formed? Inflect the subjunctive active and passive of «cūrō», «dēleō», «vincō», «rapiō», «mūniō». Inflect the subjunctive tenses of «sum»; of «possum». What are the tenses of the participles in the active? What in the passive? Give the active and passive participles of «amō», «moneō», «regō», «capiō», «audiō». Decline «regēns». What participles do deponent verbs have? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect participle of a deponent verb and of one not deponent? Give the participles of «vereor». How should participles usually be translated? Conjugate «volō», «nolō», «mālō», «fīō».

What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive in their fundamental ideas? How is purpose usually expressed in English? How is it expressed in Latin? By what words is a Latin purpose clause introduced? When should «quō» be used? What is meant by sequence of tenses? Name the primary tenses of the indicative and of the subjunctive; the secondary tenses. What Latin verbs are regularly followed by substantive clauses of purpose? What construction follows «iubeō»? What construction follows verbs of fearing? How is consequence or result expressed in Latin? How is a result clause introduced? What words are often found in the principal clause foreshadowing the coming of a result clause? How may negative purpose be distinguished from negative result? What is meant by the subjunctive of characteristic or description? How are such clauses introduced? Explain the ablative absolute. Why is the ablative absolute of such frequent occurrence in Latin? Explain the predicate accusative. After what verbs are two accusatives commonly found? What do these accusatives become when the verb is passive?

[Illustration: IMPERATOR MILITES HORTATUR]

SPECIAL VOCABULARIES

The words in heavy type are used in Cæsar’s “Gallic War.”

[Transcriber’s Note:

Each chapter’s Special Vocabulary was included with its chapter text in addition to its original location here. Details are given in the Transcriber’s Note at the beginning of the text. In the printed book, the vocabularies for Lesson IV and Lesson V appeared on the same page; the Footnote about conjunctions was shared by the two lists.]

LESSON IV, §39

  NOUNS
  «dea», goddess (deity)
   Diā´na, Diana
  «fera», a wild beast (fierce)
   Lātō´na, Latona
  «sagit´ta», arrow

  VERBS
  «est», he (she, it) is; «sunt», they are
  «necat», he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill

  CONJUNCTION[A]
  «et», and

  PRONOUNS
  «quis», interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., who?
  «cuius» (pronounced co͝oi´yo͝os, two syllables), interrog. pronoun,
    gen. sing., whose?

    [Footnote A: A conjunction is a word which connects words, parts
    of sentences, or sentences.]

LESSON V, §47

  NOUNS
  «corō´na», wreath, garland, crown
   fā´bula, story (fable)
  «pecū´nia», money (pecuniary)
  «pugna», battle (pugnacious)
  «victō´ria», victory

  VERBS
  «dat», he (she, it) gives
   nārrat, he (she, it) tells (narrate)

  CONJUNCTION[A]
  «quia» or «quod», because

  «cui» (pronounced co͝oi, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat.
    sing., to whom? for whom?

    [Footnote A: A conjunction is a word which connects words, parts
    of sentences, or sentences.]

LESSON VI, §56

ADJECTIVES «bona», good «grāta», pleasing «magna», large, great «mala», bad, wicked «parva», small, little «pulchra», beautiful, pretty «sōla», alone

  NOUNS
  ancil´la, maidservant
  Iūlia, Julia

  ADVERBS[A]
  «cūr», why
  «nōn», not

  PRONOUNS
  «mea», my; «tua», thy, your (possesives)
  «quid», interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., what?

«-ne», the question sign, an enclitic (§16) added to the first word, which, in a question, is usually the verb, as «amat», he loves, but «amat´ne?» does he love? «est», he is; «estne?» is he? Of course «-ne» is not used when the sentence contains «quis», «cūr», or some other interrogative word.

[Footnote A: An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings sweetly; she is very talented; she began to sing very early.]

LESSON VII, §62

  NOUNS
  «casa, -ae», f., cottage
  cēna, -ae, f., dinner
  «gallī´na, -ae», f., hen, chicken
  «īn´sula, ae», f., island (pen-insula)

  ADVERBS
  «de-in´de», then, in the next place
  «ubi», where

  PREPOSITION
  «ad», to, with acc. to express motion toward

  PRONOUN
  «quem», interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., whom?

  VERBS
  ha´bitat, he (she, it) lives, is living, does live (inhabit)
  «laudat», he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise (laud)
  «parat», he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare
  «vocat», he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites,
    is inviting, does invite (vocation)

LESSON VIII, §69

  NOUNS
  «Italia, -ae», f., Italy
   Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily
  «tuba, -ae», f., trumpet (tube)
  «via, -ae», f., way, road, street (viaduct)

  ADJECTIVES
  «alta», high, deep (altitude)
  «clāra», clear, bright; famous
  «lāta», wide (latitude)
  «longa», long (longitude)
  «nova», new (novelty)

LESSON IX, §77

  NOUNS
  «bellum, -ī», n., war (re-bel)
  «cōnstantia, -ae», f., firmness, constancy, steadiness
   dominus, -ī, m., master, lord (dominate)
  «equus, -ī», m., horse (equine)
  «frūmentum, -ī», n., grain
  «lēgātus, -ī», m., lieutenant, ambassador (legate)
  «Mārcus, -ī», m., Marcus, Mark
  «mūrus, -ī», m., wall (mural)
  «oppidānus, -ī», m., townsman
  «oppidum, -ī», n., town
  «pīlum, -ī», n., spear (pile driver)
  «servus, -ī», m., slave, servant
   Sextus, -ī, m., Sextus

  VERBS
  «cūrat», he (she, it) cares for, with acc.
  «properat», he (she, it) hastens

LESSON X, §82

  NOUNS
  «amīcus, -ī», m., friend (amicable)
  «Germānia, -ae», f., Germany
  «patria, -ae», f., fatherland
  «populus, -ī», m., people
  «Rhēnus, -ī», m., the Rhine
  «vīcus, -ī», m., village

LESSON XI, §86

  NOUNS
  «arma, armōrum», n., plur., arms, especially defensive weapons
  «fāma, -ae», f., rumor; reputation, fame
  «galea, -ae», f., helmet
  «praeda, -ae», f., booty, spoils (predatory)
  «tēlum, -ī», n., weapon of offense, spear

  ADJECTIVES
  «dūrus, -a, -um», hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome
    (durable)
  «Rōmānus, -a, -um», Roman. As a noun, «Rōmānus, -ī», m., a Roman

LESSON