Roswitha, also known as Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, was a tenth century German canoness, dramatist, and poet. A remarkable woman, she has been called the first Western playwright since antiquity as well as the first known woman playwright. She was inspired by the Roman comic playwright Terence, who wrote six farces filled with disguises, misunderstandings, and pagan debauchery. Upset by Terenceβs immoral subject matter but also inspired by his well-crafted plays, Roswitha sought to βChristianizeβ his work by writing six plays of her own.
Roswitha wrote six dramas in Latin. Two are concerned with the conversation of nonbelievers (Gallicanus and Callimachus), two are concerned with the repentance of sinners (Abraham and Paphnutius), and two are concerned with the martyrdom of virgins (Dulcitus and Sapientia).
This edition, originally published in 1923, includes an introduction by Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet (an English Benedictine monk and scholar), a critical preface by the translator (Christopher St. John), and prefaces written by Roswitha herself.
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me?
Hadrian
I beg you not to imitate your misguided sister. I would not have you undergo the same torture.
Hope
Would that I were worthy to imitate her sufferings, and so win a reward like hers!
Hadrian
Do not harden your young heart, but give way and burn incense before great Diana. Then I will adopt you as my own child, and love you most tenderly.
Hope
I should not care to have you for a father, and I want no favours from you. You deceive yourself with vain hopes if you suppose that I shall submit.
Hadrian
Be more careful in your speech or you will make me angry.
Hope
Be angry. What is it to me?
Antiochus
I am amazed, Augustus, that you should tolerate for a moment such insolence from a pert little child! I boil with indignation that she should be allowed such licence.
Hadrian
I wished to be merciful to her youth, but I can no longer be indulgent. She shall be punished as she deserves.
Antiochus
I wish that were possible.
Hadrian
Come, lictors, and scourge this little rebel to death with your heaviest rods.
Antiochus
She deserves to feel the full weight of your anger, as she has mocked your gracious clemency.
Hope
Here is the only clemency for which I longβ βhere the only mercy I crave.
Antiochus
Sapientia, what are you murmuring there, standing with uplifted eyes by the body of your dead child?
Sapientia
I am imploring Almighty God to give Hope the same firm courage that He gave Faith.
Hope
Oh, mother, mother! How wonderful are your prayers! Even as you prayed the uplifted hands of the panting executioners became powerless. I have not felt a twinge of pain.
Hadrian
So you do not mind scourging! We will try some sharper torture.
Hope
The most savage and deadly you can invent! The more cruelty you show the greater will be your humiliation.
Hadrian
Let her be suspended in the air, and lacerated with nails until her bowels gush forth, and the skin is stripped from her bones. Break her to pieces limb by limb.
Antiochus
That order is worthy of an emperor. The punishment fits the crime.
Hope
Oh, Antiochus, you are as crafty as a fox, but you flatter with the cunning of a chameleon.
Antiochus
Be quiet, you wretch! I thank the gods you will soon not have a mouth to prattle with.
Hope
It will not be as you hope. Both you and your master will be put to confusion.
Hadrian
What is this strange sweetness in the air? If I am not mistaken a marvellous perfume fills the room.
Hope
O Emperor, the torn shreds of my flesh are giving forth a heavenly fragrance to make you admit that you have no power to hurt me by torture!
Hadrian
Antiochus, advise me.
Antiochus
We must think of some other punishment.
Hadrian
Put in the brazier a vessel full of oil and wax and pitch. Bind her and throw her in.
Antiochus
Yes, she will not find it so easy to escape from Vulcan.
Hope
Christ has before now made fire grow mild and change its nature.
Hadrian
Antiochus, what is that sound? I seem to hear a noise like that of rushing waters.
Antiochus
My lord! My lord!
Hadrian
What has happened?
Antiochus
The boiling fire has burst the cauldron! It has overflowed and consumed every man near it. Only the vile witch who caused the disaster has escaped unhurt.
Hadrian
It seems we are worsted.
Antiochus
Yes, we can do nothing.
Hadrian
She must be beheaded like the other.
Antiochus
By the sword only can she be destroyed.
Hope
Charity, my dear, my only sister, have no fear of the tyrantβs threats, and do not wince at the thought of suffering. Be strong in faith, and strive to follow the example of your sisters who are going before you to the palace of heaven.
Charity
I am weary of this earth. I do not want to be separated from you even for a short time.
Hope
Have courage! Stretch out your hands to the palm. We shall be separated only for a moment. Soon, very soon, we shall be together in heaven.
Charity
Soon! Soon!
Hope
Be joyful, noble mother! Do not grieve for me. You should laugh, not weep, to see me die for Christ.
Sapientia
Indeed I do rejoice, but my joy will be full only when your little sister has followed you, slain in the same wayβ βand when my turn comes, mine last of all.
Hope
The blessed Trinity will give you back your three children.
Sapientia
Courage, my child! The executioner comes towards us with drawn sword.
Hope
Welcome, sword! Do Thou, O Christ, receive my soul driven from its bodily mansion for the confession of Thy Name.
Sapientia
Oh, Charity, lovely offspring of my womb, the one hope of my bosom, do not disappoint your mother who expects you to win this last fight! Despise safety now, and you will attain the same glory which shines on your sisters, and, like them, wear the crown of unspotted virginity.
Charity
Support me with your holy prayers, mother. Pray that I may be worthy to share their joy.
Sapientia
Stand fast in the faith to the end, and your reward will be an everlasting holiday.
Hadrian
Now, little Charity. Your sistersβ insolence has exhausted my patience and exasperated me. I want no more long speeches. I shall not waste much time on you. Obey my commands, and you shall enjoy all the good things this life has to offer. Disobey, and evil will fall on you.
Charity
I long for the good things. I will not have the evil.
Hadrian
That pleases me, and you shall profit by it. I will be indulgent and set you an easy task.
Charity
What is it?
Hadrian
You shall say βGreat is Diana.β That is all. I will not compel you to sacrifice.
Charity
I will not say it.
Hadrian
Why?
Charity
Because I will not tell a lie. My sisters and I were born of the same parents, instructed in the same mysteries, and confirmed in the same faith. We have the same wish, the same understanding, the same resolution. Therefore, I am never likely to differ from them in
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