A Manual of the Malay language by Sir Maxwell William Edward (free reads .TXT) 📕
Another characteristic list of words might be made, compounded with the monosyllable tang (which in Sakai and Semang means "hand"), and conveying an idea of seizing or holding.
Tang-an the hand. Tang-kap to seize. Tang-kei a stalk. Tang-gong to support. Tang-gal to drop off (having left hold). Tong-kat a walking-stick, &c.
The history of the Malay people is to be discovered in the language itself, for no authentic records of pre-Muhammadan times exist. Just as an insight into the early history of our own nation may be obtained by analysing the component parts of the English tongue, and assigning to each of the languages which have contributed to make it what it is their due proportion of influence, so, by resolving the Malay language into its separate elements, of which native, Sanskrit, and Arabic are the chief, and by examining the words contributed by each, it is possible to follow with some approach to historical
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4th. Future.— The verb standing alone may express the future when there is something in the sentence which indicates that a future tense is meant, such as the word “to-morrow” or “hereafter;” as esok hari kita ber-pĕrang pula, to-morrow we shall be fighting again.
The future is also expressed by the auxiliaries mahu and handak; as dia mahu jual, he will sell it; tiada mahu dia datang, he would not come; kapal handak masok sungei, a ship is about to enter the river; di-panggil-nia orang-besar-besar mushawarat handak di-buat meligei, he summoned the chiefs to consult about building a palace.
Another mode of forming the future is by the word nanti (lit. wait), placed, like the French verb aller, before the verb; as sahaya nanti chahari, je vais chercher, I am going to seek, or j’irai chercher, I shall go to seek.
The preposition akan, in order to, in order that, is sometimes used to convey the sense of the future; as penyakit itu tiada akan semboh, that disease is not to be cured; siapa akan tahu? who shall know? (= who can tell?); jikalau raja yang anyaya naraka akan tampat-nia, if a king is unjust hell will be his place hereafter.
5th. Imperative.— To convey an order or command the radical is used either by itself or with the affix -lah; kamu, thou, being either expressed or understood. The particle adds additional emphasis to the command. Examples: pergi, go; pergi-lah, be off, get away; ka-luar or ka-luar-lah, go out; ka-luar-kan-lah, take (it) out, or turn (him) out.
Mahu and handak with the affix -lah signify must; as mahu-lah kamu turut, ye must obey; handak-lah ayam yang puteh, there must be a fowl that is white, or, the fowl must be a white one; handak-lah segala pegawei raja itu duduk dengan adab dan diam, the king’s officers must sit with reverence and in silence.
The third person of the imperative mood, which we express by “let him,” may be rendered in Malay by the use of the word biar or biar-lah, with the verb in the manner shown by the following examples:— Biar-lah dia masok, let him come in; biar-lah aku mati, let me die.
6th. From many verbs are formed verbal nouns by prefixing the particle pe- (peng, pem, pen, peny) to the radical. This prefix operates like the syllable -er in such words as robber, purchaser, teacher; as churi, to steal; pen-churi, a robber; bĕli, to buy; pem-bĕli, a purchaser; ajar, to teach; peng-ajar, a teacher. Substantives of this kind and others formed from the verb with the particles ka- and -an have already been noticed under the head of the Substantive. But the form arrived at by prefixing to the simple verb the particle ka- and annexing the particle -an is not merely a noun, but, as Marsden says, “a gerund in form as well as in sense, being in fact a verbal noun infinitively applied in construction;” as, ka-dengar-an sampei Sayong, it was to be heard as far as Sayong; tiada ka-tahu-an, not to be understood; mata-hari tiada ka-lihat-an sebab ka-lindong-an-lah sayap-nia, the sun was not to be seen by reason of the shadowing of its wings.
7th. Passive.— In Malay the passive voice is denoted by the particle di- prefixed to the verb. The place of the nouns which express the agent and subject respectively will be understood from the following examples:—
Hamba di-pukul orang, I was beaten by men.
Orang di-pukul hamba, the men were beaten by me.
Rumah di-makan api, the house was consumed by fire.
Api di-padam-kan orang, the fire was extinguished by men.
Here the personal pronoun or other agent follows the verb and the subject precedes it.
Sometimes the preposition “by” finds an equivalent in Malay, the word uleh being expressed instead of being understood (as in the preceding sentences). Examples:—
Maka uleh baginda pun di-sambut dengan seperti ‘adat, they were received by the king with the customary ceremony.
Di-titah-kan-lah uleh baginda, it was commanded by the king.
The passive participle is formed by prefixing to the verb the inseparable particle ter-; as ter-pukul, struck; ter-tulis, written. When ter- precedes per-, one of the particles drops its final letter; as te-per-sayang, compassionated; ter-pe-lanting, sent flying.
Other forms of the Verb.— In the preceding paradigms generally those changes have been inserted which result from the application of inseparable particles. But there are moods and tenses of the English verb which are translatable in Malay, though they are not included above because they involve the use of other words, which, though united to the verb in construction, do not form part of it.
Conditional or Potential.— In expressing a conditional or potential sense the verb undergoes no change, though following such conjunctions as “if,” “provided that,” “in order that;” as jika tuan datang, if you come; kalau raja me-larang, if the king should forbid; dapat kami ber-untong, provided we are successful; sapaya jangan hamba kĕna rugi, in order that I may not incur a loss; agar sapaya anak-nia menjadi ‘alim, in order that his children may become learned.
Optative.— An optative sense is generally indicated by such words as apa-lah, apa-lah kira-nia, prithee, expressions of entreaty, or garangan, forsooth, conveying the notion of a doubt or query; as barang di-sampei-kan Allah apa-lah kira-nia, may God in his goodness cause it to arrive. But sometimes these are understood; as di-bri Allah kamarau sadikit, may God grant a little fair weather.
Participle Present.— Continuity or existing duration of action is often expressed by the use of such words as lagi, still more, sambil, seraya, and serla, whilst at the same time the verb remains unaltered in form; as lagi datang, coming; lagi tidor, sleeping or still asleep; ber-jalan sambil ber-sinnyum, walked on smiling; meniambah serta meniapu ayer mata-nia, made obeisance, at the same time wiping away her tears.
Tengah, half, middle, is often used with the verb in a similar way; as dia tengah makan nasi, he was in the act of eating his dinner.
VI. ADVERBS.Adverbs in Malay are not distinguished by any prevailing termination corresponding to the English -ly or the French -ment. Many adjectives and some prepositions are used adverbially.
The following are some of the most useful adverbs:—
Adverbs of Time.sakarang, now.
tadi, just now.
dahulu, before, formerly.
sa’buntar, presently.
bĕlum, not yet.
pagi-pagi, early.
esok, besok, to-morrow.
kalmarin,4 yesterday.
tatkala, sa-katika, when (relative).
kemdian, afterwards.
pernah, ever.
ta’pernah, never.
sĕdang, while.
kadang, sometimes.
apa-bila, apa-kala, bila-mana, bila, when? (interrogative).
kalmarin dahulu, the day before yesterday.
lusa, the day after to-morrow.
tulat, the third day from this.
Adverbs of Place.sini, ka-mari, here.
situ, sana, nun, there.
mana, where, wherever (rel.).
di-mana, where? (inter.).
hampir, near, nearly.
luar, outside.
dalam, inside.
sabĕrang, across.
jauh, far.
atas, above.
bawah, below.
sabĕlah, beside.
balik, behind.
dĕkat, near.
Miscellaneous.bagini, like this.
bagitu, like that.
bageimana, how?
ya, yes.
bukan, no, not.
sahaja, only.
makin, so much the more.
naschaya, certainly.
tidak, no.
tentu, certainly.
Adverbs expressing intensity will be found enumerated in Lesson 4.
Among the examples above given several are also prepositions, and will be found under that heading.
VII. PREPOSITIONS.The principal prepositions of place and motion are di, at, in, on; ka, to, towards; deri, from. A great many so-called prepositions are formed from these three compounded with certain other words, such as:—
di-atas, on the top of.
ka-atas, to the top of.
deri-atas, from the top of.
di-dalam, in the interior of.
ka-dalam, to the interior of.
deri-dalam, from the interior of.
di-bĕlakang, at the back of.
ka-bĕlakang, to the back of.
deri-bĕlakang, from the back of.
di-sabĕrang, on the farther side of.
ka-sabĕrang, to the farther side of.
deri-sabĕrang, from the farther side of.
di-bawah, at the bottom of.
ka-bawah, to the bottom of.
deri-bawah, from the bottom of.
di-hadap-an, in front of.
ka-hadap-an, to the front of.
deri-hadap-an, from the front of.
di-luar, at the outside of.
ka-luar, to the outside of.
deri-luar, from the outside of.
These twenty-one words are used like prepositions, and are often classified as such, but the true prepositions are the three initial words.
Atas, bawah, dalam, hadap-an, bĕlakang, luar, and sabĕrang here are really substantives governed by the prepositions di, ka, and deri. Some of these words aptly illustrate the difficulty of classifying Malay words according to the parts of speech usually recognised by grammarians. Dalam, for instance, has already been classified in the preceding section as an adverb. It is also substantive, adjective, and preposition.
Dalam (subs.), interior, depth; as penghulu dalam, the guardian of the interior (inner apartments); dalam-nia tiga depa, its depth is three fathoms.
Dalam (adj.), deep; as ter-lalu dalam sungei ini, this river is very deep.
Dalam (adv.), inside; as ada orang dalam, there are people inside.
Dalam (prep.), in; as kain yang dalam gĕdong itu, cloth in that warehouse.
In Malay a substantive in the possessive case immediately follows the substantive denoting the possessor (supra, p. 47). In the sentences bĕlakang gunong, the back of the mountain; hadap-an raja, the presence of the king; sabĕrang sungei, the farther side of the river, all the words are substantives, gunong, raja, and sungei being in the possessive case.
Now let the prepositions di, ka, and deri be added to these sentences.
Di-bĕlakang gunong, at the back of the mountain, may be more shortly translated behind the mountain; so ka-hadap-an raja may be rendered before the king, and deri-sabĕrang sungei from beyond the river.
Here, though the purport of the Malay phrases di-bĕlakang, ka-hadap-an, and deri-sabĕrang are correctly rendered by English prepositions, only the first portion of each phrase is a Malay preposition.
Of the remaining prepositions the following are the chief:—
pada, kapada, at, to, on, towards.
deri-pada, from, than.
akan, to, for, as to, as for.
uleh, by.
atas, on, upon.
datang,sampei,
hingga,
until, as far as.
antara, between.
samantara, until.
ganti, instead of.
balik, behind.
serta, with.
sama, with, to.
dengan, with.
dalam, in, into.
lĕpas, after.
karana,krana,
sebab,
on account of.
sa-kadar, according to.
demei, by.
dĕkat, near.
tentang, concerning, opposite.
bagi, to.
trus, through.
VIII. CONJUNCTIONS.The following list includes the most useful of the conjunctions in Malay:—
dan, and.
kalau,jika,
jikalau, if. antah,
kunun, perhaps.
sapaya, in order that.
pula, also, again.
sambil,selang, whilst.
seraya, at the same time.
tambah-an, furthermore.
karana,sĕbab, because.
serta, and, also.
asal-kan, provided that.
atau, or.
tĕtapi, but.
me-lain-kan, except.
hania, but, except.
yang, that.
kĕlak, forsooth.
juga, jua, also.
sahaja, only.
lagi, again, even.
lagi pula, again, too.
lagi pun, besides, also.
saperti, as, like.
laksana,bagei, like.
iya-itu, that is to say.
lamun-kan, although.
There are also a number of conjunctions which are met with almost exclusively in the written language, and which it would be pedantic to use in conversation. Of such are:—
maka, bahwa, ḥata, shahadan, seldom necessary to the sense, and not always requiring translation. They answer in some degree to such words as “now,” “next,” “but,” “then,” “again,” “so.”
sa-ber-mula, first, now.
sa-bagei-lagi, further, again.
arkian, now, then.
agar, in order that.
y‘ani, that is to say.
wab‘adahu,5 and then, afterwards.
walakin (Arab. wa, and lakin, but), but, though, nevertheless.
IX. INTERJECTIONS.The interjections in most common use are:—
hei! O! ya! O! (Arabic).
aho! O! (Sansk.).
aduh! aduhi! oh! alas! (pain, lamentation).
niah! niah-lah! be off! begone!
ai! wah! oh! alas! (astonishment or affliction).
ayo! ayohi! ah! (affection).
cheh! fie!
wayi! alas!
demei Allah! by God!
nah! there! take it!
jum!6 forwards!
Many other words are used like interjections; such as kasi-han (lit. affection), what a pity! sayang (lit. concern), ’tis pity! alas! karam (lit. wrecked), woe to thee! me-rachun (may I be poisoned), no! (emphatic denial), &c., &c.
A number of Arabic expressions common to all Muhammadans in all parts of the world are used by Malays, such as In sháa-lláh, if it be the will of God; Alláhu a‘alam, God is all-knowing; Astaghfir alláh, I beg forgiveness of God; Wa-llahi and Wa-llah, by God! Yá rabb, O Lord! Bi-smi-llah, in the name of God! El-ḥamdu li-llah, praise be
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