A Manual of the Malay language by Sir Maxwell William Edward (free reads .TXT) š
Another characteristic list of words might be made, compounded with the monosyllable tang (which in Sakai and Semang means "hand"), and conveying an idea of seizing or holding.
Tang-an the hand. Tang-kap to seize. Tang-kei a stalk. Tang-gong to support. Tang-gal to drop off (having left hold). Tong-kat a walking-stick, &c.
The history of the Malay people is to be discovered in the language itself, for no authentic records of pre-Muhammadan times exist. Just as an insight into the early history of our own nation may be obtained by analysing the component parts of the English tongue, and assigning to each of the languages which have contributed to make it what it is their due proportion of influence, so, by resolving the Malay language into its separate elements, of which native, Sanskrit, and Arabic are the chief, and by examining the words contributed by each, it is possible to follow with some approach to historical
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He is not my childā Bukan-lah iya anak hamba.
He will not comeā Dia taā mahu datang.
I asked him a great many times, but he would notā Sahaya minta bÄrapa kali tiada dia mahu.
There are no fish in the marketā Tāada ikan di pasar.
I do not know where he has goneā Antah ka-mana pergi-nia.
There is no saying how many of them diedā Antah ber-apa baniak-nia yang mati.
It cannot be otherwiseā Taā dapat tiada.
He cannot enterā Dia taābulih masok.
Do not goā Jangan pergi.
Do not believe what people sayā Jangan perchaya akan perkata-an orang.
Shall I enter the house or not?ā Masok-kah aku dalam rumah atau jangan-kah?
So far from obtaining it, we did not even see itā Jangan-kan dapat, me-lihat-pun tidak.
Not to speak of you, of me, even, they are afraidā Jangan-kan tuan, hamba-tuan pun dia orang takut.
Exercise.He said no. That conduct is not proper. He cannot write. The children are not in the house. So far from getting a pony-carriage, we cannot even get a bullock-cart. Not to speak of the night, by day even people are afraid to go there. There is no saying how it happened. Do not go near. Shall I give the fruit to the woman or not? There are not many horses here. Do you not know that? The Chinaman will not say yes or no. Do not be afraid. If the seed is good it cannot but be that the fruit is good also. The wind was of no ordinary force (kuat).
New words in this Lesson to be learned by heart.Beautiful, beauty, molek; dead, to die, mati; to believe, perchaya; saying, speech, per-kata-an (from kata, to say); to fear, takut; to write, tulis; night, malam; daylight, siyang; seed, biji; doing, making, fabrication, manufacture, buat-an (from buat, to do, to make); to go away, go home, pulang.
LESSON VII. On the Use of Prepositions.For a list of the most useful prepositions see supra, p. 63.
Examples.We are going up the mountainā Kita handak naik ka-atas gunong.
For every orlong (land-measure) ten centsā Pada satu orlong sa-puloh duit.3
The clerks who are under himā Krani-krani yang di-bawah-nia.
Many people have settled at that placeā Baniak orang sudah masok di tampat itu.
He saw it from outsideā Deri luar iya me-lihat-kan.
People have remarked upon the subject before me (in my presence)ā Ada juga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an sahaya.
The Raja gave a present to himā Raja membÄri hadia kapada-nia.
Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughter to (with) Haji Daudā Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nikaįø„-kan anak-nia dengan Haji Daud.
They were sentenced by the judgeā Di-įø„ukum-kan uleh įø„akim.
Among the four men three were wounded and one ran awayā Di-dalam ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari.
I want to know about that affairā Sahaya handak tahu deri-pada hal itu.
The case was begun on the first day of the monthā Kapada satu hari bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia.
With great hasteā Dengan sangat gopoh.
He has gone towards the kitchenā Sudah dia jalan sa-bÄlah dapor.
On both sides of the roadā Antara ka-dua bÄlah jalan.
Regarding the subject of that documentā Akan hal surat itu.
After a few daysā Lepas sadikit hari.
He was buried near his fatherā Di-įø³ubur-kan dÄkat ayah-nia.
According to their circumstancesā Atas įø³adar-nia.
According to his strengthā Sa-kadar kuasa-nia.
Go to your masterā Pergi sama tuan kamu.
He inquired about a murderā Dia preįø³sa fasal bunoh.
Another version behind your backā Balik bÄlakang lain bichara.
Between earth and skyā Antara bumi dan langit.
To walk through the waterā Ber-jalan trus ayer.
For the sake of Godā Karana Allah.
As far as the cross-roadsā Hingga sempang jalan.
Until nowā Sampei sakarang.
Exercise.He lives upon the hill. On the tenth day of the month. They came before the raja. His master gave a dollar to him. He was buried by his brothers. After that all went away. Among those ten persons six are men and four are women. As regards the subject of that case, inquiry is now being made. Each man received according to his circumstances. In which direction has he gone, towards the right or towards the left? Between the house and the river. How much will you receive for every pikul of tin? The dogs are under the house. They sat upon the ground. He arrived at that place with fifteen men. They remained until night.
The following words used in this lesson should be committed to memory:ā
Clerk, krani; place, tampat; affair, subject, hal; gift, present, hadia; judge, įø„akim; order, sentence, įø„ukum; case, negotiation, bichara; hurried, haste, gopoh; kitchen, dapor; a grave, įø³ubur; to bury, įø³ubur-kan; rate, condition, circumstances, įø³adar; strength, power, kuasa; the back, bÄlakang; the earth, bumi; God, Allah; fork (of a road), sempang; side, bÄlah.
To ascend, naik; to reflect, consider, kenang; wounded, to wound, luka; to marry, nikaįø„; to give in marriage, nikaįø„-kan; to examine, inquire into, preįø³sa; to kill, bunoh; to receive, tÄrima.
3. In Penang 1 duit = 1 cent.; in Singapore and Malacca Ā¼ cent.
LESSON VIII. On the Words Sudah and Habis. Substantives.a lock, kunchi.
a key, anak kunchi.
accounts, kira-kira.
skill, ka-pandei-an.
anger, ka-marah-an.
small-pox, ka-tumboh-an.
loss, rugi.
disease, penyakit.
an egg, tÄlor.
an axe, kapak.
the foot, kaki.
cold (in the head), sardi.
dagger, kris, kris.
rocks, reef, karang.
a fine, denda.
blemish, chachat.
Verbs.to lock, kunchi-kan.
to try, attempt, choba.
to expend, bÄlanja.
to be silent, diam.
to break, pechah.
to stab, tikam.
to beat, pukul.
to be destroyed, binasa.
to burn, bakar; burnt, ter-bakar.
to be angry, marah.
to loose, lepas; loosed ter-lepas.
to disobey, bantah.
to cheat, tipu.
to be damaged, rosak.
to rob, samun.
to bite (as a snake), pagut.
Adjectives.guilty, salah.
black, hitam.
slow, lambat.
rotten, busuk.
severe, tÄrok.
fit, suitable, probable, harus.
Adverbs.quickly, lÄkas.
slowly, perlahan.
Sudah is classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to serve as a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It is translateable, according to the context, by the words and phrases, has, had; has, have, and had been, or become; done, finished, completed, &c.
Habis signifies done, finished, exhausted, expended; utterly, completely. The use of these words with verbs will be seen from the following examples:ā
Examples.Have you locked the door?ā Sudah kunchi-kan pintu-kah?
I haveā Sudah.
When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become present before)ā Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada dahulu.
It is not yet finishedā Belum sudah.
It is half finished (just being finished)ā Tengah handak sudah.
Nearly finishedā Dekat mahu sudah.
Long agoā Lama sudah.
A month ago, more or lessā Lebih korang saābulan sudah.
That is enoughā Sudah-lah.
It has gone badā Sudah busuk.
It is overā Sudah habis.
His father is an old man (has become old)ā Bapa-nia sudah tuah.
Try to complete thisā Choba-lah bagi sudah.
He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very wellā Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik.
Now it is (has become) nearā Sakarang sudah dÄkat.
They are all dead and goneā Sumua-nia mati habis.
Entirely destroyedā Habis binasa.
It is all spentā Sudah bÄlanja habis.
When he had finished speakingā Apabila sudah habis chakap.
All were quite silentā Habis-lah diam sumua.
The utmost of his skillā Sa-habis ka-pandei-an dia.
Exercise.He is dead. He died long ago. He had made preparations for going away. Are they all ready? The workman says that the box is not yet finished. He has gone to Malacca. I have seen this before. The tea is finished. All the eggs are broken. The house was entirely burnt. He spent all his fatherās money. Finish that quickly. They have gone back to their own country. That house is nearly finished. I arrived here a year ago. When you have finished writing that letter go home. It is now at a distance. I am just finishing this letter.
LESSON IX. On the Verb KÄna.KÄna, in the sense of āto incur,ā is frequently used with other words to express the passive mood. Thus, instead of āhe was fined,ā Malays will say āhe incurred a fine;ā instead of āhe was blamed,ā āhe incurred anger.ā KÄna also means to touch, strike, hit, affect. KÄna apa? āaffected by what?ā is frequently pronounced as a single word, kenapa, meaning āwhy?ā
He was prosecutedā Dia kÄna bichara.
They were sentenced to five years eachā KÄna hukum atas saāorang lima tahun.
He incurred the displeasure of his fatherā Dia kÄna ka-marah-an deri-pada bapa-nia.
The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his legā Ter lepas di tangan kapak itu, kÄna di bÄlakang kaki-nia.
Those who have not yet had small-poxā Orang yang belum kÄna ka-tumboh-an.4
If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollarsā Kalau ada siapa ban tah nanti kÄna denda lima ringgit.
I have been cheatedā Sahaya sudah kÄna tipu.
He has been found guiltyā Dia sudah kÄna salah.
He died of a snake-biteā Dia mati kÄna pagut ular.
That wonāt do (does not hit it)ā Taā kÄna bagitu.
Donāt go there, you may be injuredā Jangan pergi sana, barangkali kÄna satu apa-apa.
I am always catching coldā Salalu sahaya kÄna sardi.5
If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease will take a long time to be cured (i.e., the patient will probably die)ā Kalau tiada kÄna ubat-nia harus juga lambat baik penyakit itu.
4. The Malay word for small-pox differs in various localities. In Penang the common word is ka-tumboh-an (lit. eruption); in Malacca and Singapore, chachar; in Perak, si-tawar and sakit orang baik (lit. ādisease of the good people,ā a euphuism); in some parts of Borneo, puru nasi.
5. Sardi (Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by the Malays of Penang. Selesima and selimat generally mean more than a mere cold in the head.
Exercise.He died of a stab with a kris. He was put to great expense. The ship was damaged by striking on the rocks. They were fined twenty dollars each. It did not receive a single blemish. Those who disobey will be prosecuted. He was very severely beaten. What has happened to the dog that he limps like that? He has been robbed on the road. He suffered no small loss. That place wonāt do. This letter has been blackened by fire. Yesterday he incurred his masterās anger.
LESSON X. On the Verbs Buleh, Bahagi, &c.The verbs buleh, can, or to be able; bahagi, to give (lit. to divide); kasih and bÄri, to give, grant; and biar, to permit, to suffer, are frequently used to govern other verbs, which they invariably precede.
Buleh is a contraction of ber-uleh, a verb formed from the preposition uleh, by, by means of. The primary meaning of ber-uleh or buleh is to obtain, effect, and hence it has come to mean āto be able.ā The original sense of the word may be seen in such sentences as ber-uleh per-minta-an, to obtain (compliance with) a request; sudah-kah buleh anak? have you had a child?
Examples.How can one know?ā Mana buleh tahu?
Can you read English?ā Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha surat Inggris?
It is not to be calculatedā Tiada-lah buleh handak di-kira-kira lagi.
Every month I remind (give to remember) himā Tiap-tiap bulan ada hamba-tuan bÄri ingat.
To feed (lit. give to eat)ā BÄri makan.
Just read that and let me hear itā Choba bacha itu biar sahaya dengar.
I wished to speak to him, but they would not let meā Sahaya handak chakap dengan dia orang taā bahagi.
He informed (gave to know) the Penghuluā Dia bÄri tahu kapada Penghulu.
Send those people awayā Kasih pulang orang-orang itu.
Let it fallā Biar jatoh.
Exercise.I cannot open the door. He tried to stab him, but could not touch him. Let him strike. Let the axe drop. His brother cannot understand the accounts. Let that child go back to the house. I wanted to give him a little tea, but they would not permit it. The raja sent (gave to go) messengers. He brought (gave to come) his wife and children. Can I live here? I have searched, but I cannot find it. He lets them come
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