A Manual of the Malay language by Sir Maxwell William Edward (free reads .TXT) π
Another characteristic list of words might be made, compounded with the monosyllable tang (which in Sakai and Semang means "hand"), and conveying an idea of seizing or holding.
Tang-an the hand. Tang-kap to seize. Tang-kei a stalk. Tang-gong to support. Tang-gal to drop off (having left hold). Tong-kat a walking-stick, &c.
The history of the Malay people is to be discovered in the language itself, for no authentic records of pre-Muhammadan times exist. Just as an insight into the early history of our own nation may be obtained by analysing the component parts of the English tongue, and assigning to each of the languages which have contributed to make it what it is their due proportion of influence, so, by resolving the Malay language into its separate elements, of which native, Sanskrit, and Arabic are the chief, and by examining the words contributed by each, it is possible to follow with some approach to historical
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Siapa, who? Apa, what? Mana, who? what?
Examples.Apa mahu?β What do you want?
Rumah ini siapa?β Whose house is this?
Siapa panggil?β Who called?
Gajah mana ini?β What elephant is this?
Siapa akan tahu?β Who knows?
The RELATIVE PRONOUN isYang, who, which.
Examples.Burong yang liyar, a bird that is wild.
Raja yang adil, a king who is just.
Ada yang tuah, ada yang muda, some are old and some are young (lit. there are who are old, &c.).
The Menangkabau word is nen. This is often found in composition, but is seldom used in the dialect spoken in the Straits of Malacca. Example: Patek nen fakirβ I who am but a beggar.
REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS.Diri, sendiri, or kendiri, self, are used with or without the personal pronouns to signify myself, yourself, himself, ourselves, &c.
Examples.Bunoh diri, to kill oneself.
Meng-ajar diri, to take oneself to task.
Hamba sendiri handak pergi, I shall go myself.
Baik tuan sendiri suroh, you had better order it yourself.
Kemdian turun-lah raja sendiri, afterwards the king himself descended.
Dia lari masok hutan membawa diri-nia, she escaped to the jungle with her life (lit. taking herself with her).
Biar-lah hamba sa-orang diri me-lawan dia, let me fight him myself alone.
V. VERBS.Verbs are either primitive or derivative; the former are those which in their original signification are verbs; the latter are formed from primitive verbs, or from substantives, adjectives, or adverbs, by the application of particles.
Examples of primitive verbs are pukul, to strike; makan, to eat; lari, to run; of derivative verbs, ber-kaki, to have feet, from kaki, a foot; panjang-kan, to lengthen or make long, from panjang, long.
The primitive verb, which is generally a dissyllable, is either transitive, as tangkap, to seize, or intransitive, as tidor, to sleep; but a transitive sense may be given to an intransitive verb by the addition of the particle -kan, as lari, me-lari, to run; me-lari-kan, to carry off.
Though the examples of primitive verbs given above are translated for the sake of convenience by our infinitive, their signification is not necessarily rendered by that mood. Favre translates them by the past participle (as ambil, taken, buang, thrown2), but this is rather fanciful than accurate. The fact is, that the meaning of the radical or primitive is indefinite, and depends for its precise signification on its position (with respect to other words) in the sentence, or on the particles which may be added before or after it. Thus lari means simply run, though syntax will show that it may mean to run, I run, he runs, run thou, &c., according to its position in the sentence.
Marsden distinguishes the following moodsβthe imperative, the indicative or assertive, the conditional, and the infinitive or indefiniteββwhich admit, for the most part, of being expressed in the present, the past, and the future tenses or times.β
It is not proposed, in an elementary work like the present, to go deeply into a scientific arrangement, which, however well suited to the Latin and Greek languages, is adapted with less propriety to uncultivated languages like Malay. It is believed that an explanation of the use of auxiliaries and particles, and a paradigm showing the most common changes of which the verb is susceptible, will be sufficient, and that the student may be left to gain further knowledge as to the mode of expressing variations of mood and tense as he advances in the study of the language.3
Use of Particles.The inseparable affix -kan always denotes a verb used in a transitive sense; as men-jalan-kan, to cause to walk. It is an abbreviation of the preposition akan. Thus buat-kan (to do) means to do something to (akan) something or somebody.
The inseparable affix -i also denotes the transitive sense; as kras-i, to oppress (from kras, hard); halus-i, to treat carefully (from halus, fine, close).
The inseparable prefix ber- (bel-, be-) is the mark of a verb which expresses a state or condition of being; as ber-jalan, to walk, or to be in the act of walking; ber-wang, to have money; ber-misei, to wear moustaches; ber-pukul, to strike, i.e., to be in the act or condition of striking (not to strike another, transitive, which would be expressed by pukul- or me-mukul-kan).
The inseparable prefix me- (in all its various forms, mem, meng, men, and meny) is the mark of a verb which expresses an action; as men-jalan-kan, to cause to walk, mem-buat, to make; menyakit-kan, to afflict (from sakit); meng-ambil, to take.
According as the primitive verb has a transitive or intransitive sense, the derivative verbs formed from it will take ber- or me- as the case may be. Thus from adu, to sleep, is formed ber-adu, not meng-adu; while from adu, to complain, is formed meng-adu, not ber-adu.
Often both particles may be used, and both transitive and intransitive derivative verbs may be formed from the same primitive. Thus from taroh, to put, are formed menaroh, to put (the act of a person who puts), and ber-taroh, to bet (the condition of a person who stakes). From tidor, to sleep, are formed menidor-kan, to put to sleep, and ber-tidor, to be sleeping or lying down; and from ajar, instruct, meng-ajar, to teach (impart instruction), and bel-ajar, to learn (get instruction).
Mem-bawa, to bring, mem-bunoh, to kill, and me-makan, to eat, are formed from bawa, bunoh, and makan respectively, which, as they express actions, not states, do not take the prefix ber-. Ber-gantong is to hang (intransitive), that is, to be in a state or condition of hanging; meng-gantong-kan is to hang (transitive), that is, to perform the action of hanging something.
The particle per- (Sansk. pra), a prefix used with transitive verbs, does not seem always to effect a change in the sense. It is used more generally in literature than in the colloquial dialects, and seems to be introduced frequently for the sake of euphony only. The difference, for instance, between meng-himpun-kan, to assemble, to collect persons together, and mem-per-himpun-kan, to cause persons to collect together, is not very marked. No general rule applicable to all transitive verbs can be laid down for the use of this form with mem-per-; practice and experience must form the only guide.
Auxiliaries.The auxiliary verbs and adverbs areβ
Ada, is, was, are, were.
Sudah, was, did, has been.
TΔlah, was, did, has been.
Mahu, will, shall, would, must.
Handak, will, shall, would, must, is, was, or were about to.
Jadi, is, was, become, became.
PARADIGMS.Tidor, sleep.
Sahaya tidor, I sleep, or I was sleeping.
Tidor-lah dia, he was sleeping or slept.
Ber-tidor, asleep, sleeping.
Sahaya sudah tidor, I have slept.
Dia telah tidor, he had slept.
Sahaya maku tidor, I will sleep, or I want to sleep.
Sahaya handak tidor, I shall sleep, or I am about to sleep.
Dia akan tidor, he will sleep or is going to sleep.
Tidor-lah, sleep thou.
Mahu-lak angkau tidor, you must sleep.
Biar iya tidor, let him sleep.
Handak-lah di-tidor-nia, it must be slept by him, i.e., he intends to sleep.
Menidor-kan or menidor-i, to lay down (transitive).
Mem-per-tidor-kan or mem-per-tidor-i, to cause to sleep.
Penidor, a soporific; that which causes to sleep.
Penidor-an, act of causing to sleep.
Per-tidor-an, that which belongs to sleep; a bed.
Ka-tidor-an, the act of sleeping; there was sleeping on the part of ββ.
Sa-ka-tidor-an, the act of sleeping with another; there was sleeping with ββ.
Si-tidor, the sleeper.
Ter-tidor, gone to sleep.
Lari, run.
Sahaya lari, I run, or I was running.
Lari-lah dia, he ran, or was running.
Ber-lari, run, running.
Ber-lari-lari, running about incessantly.
Sahaya sudah lari, I have or had run.
Dia telah lari, he had run.
Sahaya mahu lari, I will run, or I want to run.
Sahaya handak lari, I will run, or I am about to run.
Dia akan lari, he will run.
Lari-lah, run thou.
Mahu lah angkau lari, you must run.
Biar iya lari, let him run.
Handak-lah di lari-nia, it must be run by him, i.e., he intends to run.
Me-lari-kan, to carry off (transitive).
Lari-an, a running, a course.
Ber-lari-an, the act of running; there was running on the part of ββ.
Ber-lari-lari-an, incessant running; running to and fro; there was incessant running on the part of ββ.
Ka-lari-an, flight; act of running.
Pe-lari, a runaway, a fugitive.
Pe-lari-an, flight.
Di-lari-kan (passive), is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been run away with.
Di-lari-kan-nia, is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been run away with by him, her, or them.
Ter-lari, run, run away (past).
Bawa lari, to carry off, run off with. (Here lari is the past participle after bawa, to take, bring, and may be used with that verb in all its forms.)
Ada, be.
Sahaya ada, I am or was.
Ber-ada, have (possess.), has or had.
Meng-ada, to cause to be, to make, invent.
Sudah ada, have got, have been.
Telah ada, was, have been.
Mahu ada, must be.
Meng-ada-ngada, to make or invent repeatedly.
Meng-ada kan, to create, to cause to exist.
Ber-ada-kan, possess, own.
Mem-per-ada-kan, to produce, to cause to exist.
Ter-ada-kan, produced, created.
Ada-an, being, existence.
Ka-ada-an, state, existence.
Bawa, bring.
Sahaya bawa, I bring or was bringing.
Mem-bawa, bring, to bring.
Sudah bawa, has brought.
Telah bawa, had brought.
Mahu bawa, will or must bring.
Aku handak bawa, I will bring, or am about to bring.
Bawa-lah, bring thou.
Biar iya bawa, let him bring.
Mem-bawa-kan or mem-bawa-i, to cause to be brought or taken.
Pem-bawa, a bringer.
Bawa-an, that which is brought; a burden.
Pem-bawa-an, act of bringing, transport.
Di-bawa and di-bawa-kan, brought, passive.
Di-bawa-nia and di-bawa-kan-nia, is, are, was, were, have, has, or had been brought by him, her, or them.
Ter-bawa, brought.
Ambil, take.
Sahaya ambil, I take.
Meng ambil, take, to take.
Sudah ambil, has or had taken.
Telah ambil, had taken.
Mahu ambil, will or must take.
Handak ambil, shall take or about to take.
Ambil-lah, take thou.
Mahu-lah angkau ambil, you must take.
Biar iya ambil, let him take.
Handak-lah di ambil-nia, he must take or intends to take.
Meng-ambil-kan, to take or cause to take.
Ambil-an, a thing taken.
Peng-ambil-an, the act of taking.
Di-ambil or di-ambil-kan, is or was, &c., taken (passive).
Di-ambil-nia or di-ambil-kan-nia, is or was. &c., taken by him, her, or them.
Ter-ambil, taken, having been taken.
Suroh, order.
Sehaya suroh, I order.
Menyuroh, order, to order.
Sudah suroh, has ordered.
Telah suroh, had ordered.
Mahu suroh, will or must order.
Handak suroh, shall order or about to order.
Suroh-lah, order thou.
Mahu-lah angkau suroh, you must order.
Biar iya suroh, let him order.
Handak-lah di suroh-nia, he must order or intends to order.
Menyuroh-kan, to issue orders, to commission.
Pe-suroh and penyuroh, one who is commissioned; a messenger.
Penyuroh-an, an order, command; the act of commanding.
Suroh-suroh-an, people who are at the orders or command of another.
Suroh-menyuroh, to issue orders incessantly.
Di-suroh or di-suroh-kan, is or was, &c., ordered.
Di-suroh-nia or di-suroh-kan-nia, is, or was, &c., ordered by him, her, or them.
Ter-suroh, ordered, having been ordered.
The facts to be derived from a careful study of the foregoing examples may be summarised as follows:β
1st. The tense of the verb standing alone is indefinite. It may be present, imperfect, present or past, &c., according to the context; as dia ada, he is; tatkala sahaya ada di sana, when I was there; kalau sahaya ada dΔkat, if I am, should be, were, or had been near. This applies equally to the forms created by prefixing ber- and me-, mem-, men-, meng-, meny- to the radical. Examples: kita ber-jalan, we are or were walking; nanti sampei sahaya ber-balik, wait till I shall have returned; mati-mati ber-minyak, if you should use oil; raja meng-angkat kalmarin dahulu, the raja set out the day before yesterday.
2d. The Imperfect may sometimes be expressed by making the verb, followed by the particle -lah, precede the pronoun; as diam-lah dia orang, they were silent; maka pergi-lah raja kapada tuan putri, and the king went to the princess.
3d. Past.β Though the past may be expressed by the primitive verb, as shown above, if the
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