A Manual of the Malay language by Sir Maxwell William Edward (free reads .TXT) 📕
Another characteristic list of words might be made, compounded with the monosyllable tang (which in Sakai and Semang means "hand"), and conveying an idea of seizing or holding.
Tang-an the hand. Tang-kap to seize. Tang-kei a stalk. Tang-gong to support. Tang-gal to drop off (having left hold). Tong-kat a walking-stick, &c.
The history of the Malay people is to be discovered in the language itself, for no authentic records of pre-Muhammadan times exist. Just as an insight into the early history of our own nation may be obtained by analysing the component parts of the English tongue, and assigning to each of the languages which have contributed to make it what it is their due proportion of influence, so, by resolving the Malay language into its separate elements, of which native, Sanskrit, and Arabic are the chief, and by examining the words contributed by each, it is possible to follow with some approach to historical
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animal, bĕnatang.
father (common form), bapa.
father (polite form), ayah, ayahnda.
mother (common form), mak, ibu.
mother (polite form), bonda.
elder brother, abang.
elder sister, kakak.
younger brother or sister, adek.
boy or girl, budak.
brother or sister, sudara.
husband, laki.
wife, bini.
forest, hutan.
tree, pokok.
plain, padang.
shop, kĕdei.
fruit, buah.
sky, langit.
ground, tanah.
dollar, ringgit.
road, jalan.
age, ‘umur.
Adjectives.long, panjang.
short, pendek, pandah.
sweet, manis.
wet, basah.
dry, kĕring.
many, baniak.
rich, kaya.
poor, miskin.
strong, kuat.
hard, kĕras.
soft, lumbut.
few, sadikit.
Verbs.to say, kata.
to go, pergi.
to run, lari.
to talk, chakap.
to tell, bilang.
to arrive, sampei.
to sit, duduk.
to dwell, tinggal.
to send, kirim.
to bring, bawa.
Examples.Your house is very large— Rumah tunku baniak besar.
Your father is very old— Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat.
This is your horse— Ini tunku punya kuda.
To a respectable Chinese.There is a quantity of cloth in your shop— Ada baniak kain-kain didalam baba punya kĕdei.
When did you arrive?— Towkay bila sampei?
Your elder brother is very rich— Towkay punya abang baniak kaya.
Your carriage and mine are alike— Kreta baba dengan kreta sahaya ada sama.
To a Malay Headman.There are a number of people in your house— Ada baniak orang di-dalam rumah datoh.
Your son is very strong— Anak datoh, baniak kuat.
Where do you live?— Datoh di-mana tinggal?
To a Malay of superior rank.What do you say to it?— Apa kata inche?
Who told it to you?— Siapa bilang kapada inche?
Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees— Inche punya kakak ada baniak pokok buah.
To a Sayyid or Haji.Where are you going to?— Tuan handak pergi ka-mana?
What is your age?— Bĕr-apa ‘umur tuan?
I wish to talk a little with you— Sahaya handak chakap sadikit dengan tuan.
To Persons of inferior rank.Who are you?— Siapa kamu?
Is this yours?— Angkau punya-kah ini?
Where is your house?— Di-mana rumah angkau?
Bring your hat— Bawa topi sĕndiri.
Where do you live?— Di-mana tinggal?
Have you got a light?— Ada api?
Why are you so late?— Apa buat lambat ini?
When you were at the shop just now, who was there?— Apabila angkau di kĕdei tadi siapa ada di-situ?
Exercise.Where is your shop? Is this your mother? You and your brother were running. You are very stupid. Have you told your elder sister? Your son has arrived. Was it you who sent fruit? What did you say to him? When will you go? You will bring a boat. You went to the jungle.
LESSON III. Substantives.news, khabar.
workman, tukang.
cat, kuching.
rat, tikus.
sugar, gula.
needle, jarum.
form, rupa.
elephant, gajah.
Adjectives.excellent, endah.
careful, jimat.
worthless, burok.
difficult, susah.
Verbs.To do, make, buat.
To seek, chăhari.
To conceal, sembunyi.
To find, obtain, dapat.
On the Degrees of Comparison.One form of the comparative degree is similar in construction to the Hindustani comparative, that is to say, the object with which the comparison is made is put in the ablative case (by the use of the preposition deri or deri-pada), while the adjective remains unmodified by adverb or particle. Thus the phrase “This house is larger than that,” may be rendered Besar rumah ini deri rumah itu (Yih ghar us ghar se baṛā hai).
Examples.The rumour is better than the reality— Endah khabar deri rupa.
The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling— Pandei tukang China deri tukang Kling.
The cat is larger than the mouse— Besar kuching deri tikus.
This is better than that— Baik ini deri-pada itu.
(Note that the adjective always precedes the objects compared.)
The comparative degree is also formed by the use of the adverb lebeh or ter-lebeh, more, prefixed to the adjective, which is followed by the preposition deri or deri-pada.
Hotter than before— Lebeh panas deri dahulu.
Sweeter than honey— Lebeh manis deri gula.
It is better to go than to remain— Ter-lebeh baik pergi deri-pada tinggal.
The adverb lagi, more, is sometimes used instead of lebeh.
You must make it larger— Mahu buat besar lagi.
This is better— Ini lagi baik.
Another form of comparison is constructed with the adverb korang, less, prefixed to the adjective; as korang baik, not very good; korang biasa, inexperienced (lit. less accustomed).
The superlative degree is formed in several ways: First, by making a comparison of universal application; as—
This is the best (lit. this is better than all)— Baik ini deri sumua.
The finest needle of all— Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada sumua-nia.
The hardest of all to obtain— Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat deri-pada sumua-nia.
Secondly, by the use of the adverb sakali, very, exceedingly, after the adjective when the latter is preceded by the relative pronoun yang; as—
The best— Yang baik sakali.
The worst— Yang burok sakali.
Such-a-one was the handsomest— Yang elok sakali si-anu.
Thirdly, by duplication of the adjective, which then takes the particle sa before it; as—
The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man— Sa-chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lambat-lambat jalan an orang.
The very least— Sa-korang-korang.
Utterly and completely guilty— Sa-penoh-penoh salah.
The most just king— Sa-adil-adil raja.
With the greatest care— Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat.
You must look out for the very best article— Handak chăhari yang sa-baik-baik-nia.
He hides it with the greatest pains— Di-sembunyi-kan-nia dengan sa-buleh-buleh-nia.
Exercise.My horse is better than your horse. These people are more stupid than those. The form of the horse is handsomer than that of the elephant. The men are more wicked than the women. The pace of the horse is swifter than that of the elephant. That woman is the handsomest, but this one is the wisest. His house is the worst of all. Bring the slowest elephant of all. The father is wiser than the child. It is better to bring the ox than the horse.
LESSON IV.ON INTENSIVES. Substantives.
reception-hall, balei.
room, bilek.
stairs, tangga.
a play, per-main-an.
conduct, ka-laku-an.
body, tuboh.
head, kapala.
year, tahun.
month, bulan.
price, harga.
country, nĕgri.
queen, permeisuri.
king, raja.
minister, mantri.
patience, sabar.
Adjectives.ill, painful, sakit.
cheap, morah.
dear, mahal.
wide, luas.
astonished, heiran.
thin, kurus.
fat, gumok.
illustrious, mulia.
narrow, simpit.
glad, suka.
Verbs.to see, lihat.
to demand, minta.
to be able, buleh.
to hear, dengar.
to play, main.
to look, tengok.
to enter, masok
to order, suroh.
On Intensives.— To express an intensive degree the particle ter is prefixed to adjectives and adverbs; as ter-bĕsar, very large; ter-kuasa, very powerful; ter-lebeh, most; ter-lalu, excessively; ter-lampau, surpassing; ter-amat, most exceedingly.
The adjective may also be intensified by duplication; as ikan yang besar-besar, great big fish; burong kechil-kechil, very small birds; nĕgri jauh-jauh, far-distant lands; dia harti baik-baik, he understands very well.
The following adverbs are of frequent use in heightening the sense of words:—
baniak, very.
amat, exceedingly.
sangat, very.
sakali, quite, most.
ter-lebeh, most.
ter-lalu, excessively.
ter-langsong,ter-lampau, surpassingly.
ter-amat, most exceedingly.
All of these precede the positive except sakali, which invariably follows it. Amat and sangat are also sometimes placed after the adjective which they qualify.
It is common to use more than one of these words with the same adjective, just as we say “the very most.”
Examples.There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall— Di balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang.
His body was very thin— Tuboh-nia sangat kurus.
The performance was exceedingly pretty— Sangat-lah chantek itu per-main-an.
He was immensely astonished at seeing it— Dia ter-lalu heiran me-lihat-kan.
This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap— Tahun ini sagala buah-buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia.
You must be exceedingly patient— Handak-lah dengan sabar sangat.
Very stupid in appearance— Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia.
The road is very bad— Jalan itu burok sakali.
Most exceedingly painful— Yang ter-lebeh sangat sakit.
It was a very large country— Ter-lalu amat besar negri itu.
His conduct was too bad— Ter-lampau jahat ka-laku-an-nia.
The adjective maha, great, is similarly used; as maha besar, very great; maha mulia, most illustrious; maha kuasa, all-powerful.
Exercise.He demanded a very high price. He is very ill. Your father was exceedingly wise. It is a very large river. I am very frightened. The water is very deep. Those Chinese are very wicked. The most illustrious and most mighty queen. The old man’s cow is very thin. I was much surprised at hearing it. He brought some very big horses. Some very large ships have arrived. This month fish is very cheap. The room is very wide. The river was much too narrow, the ship could not enter. I have a very bad headache.
LESSON V. Interrogative Sentences.In asking a question, the tone of the voice sometimes marks the interrogation sufficiently.
Sometimes the interrogation is marked by the use of the particle -kah affixed to the emphatic word of the sentence.
Sometimes the interrogative form of a sentence is shown by the use of such words as—
apa, what?
siapa, who?
ka-mana, where?
bĕr-apa, how many?
mana, who, which, how?
bagei-mana, how?
apa sebab, orapa buat, or
mengapa why? Substantives.
time, kali.
rain, hujan.
market, pasar.
stone, batu.
use, guna.
iron, besi.
steel, baja.
tin, timah.
lead, timah hitam.
copper, tambaga.
box, pĕti.
kind, sort, macham.
tobacco, tambakau.
coffee, kahwah.
tea, teh, cha.
tea (dry), daun teh.
tea (liquid), ayer teh.
money, wang.
jacket, baju.
trousers, saluar.
Examples.What is the matter?— Apa korang?
What is to be done? (i.e., there is nothing to be done)— Apa bulik buat?
What is the use?— Apa guna?
Whence do you come?— Deri-mana datang kamu?
Where are you going?— Handak pergi ka-mana?
Why did you not tell me sooner?— Apa buat ta’bilang dahulu?
What do you say?— Apa kata kamu?
Why do ye run?— Mengapa kumu orang lari?
Where did you get that?— Di-mana-kah angkau dapat itu?
Which tree shall I cut down?— Pokoh mana handak tebang?
How many days ago?— Bĕrapa hari sudah?
When was he at the market?— Bila-mana dia di pasar?
Whose house is this?— Rumah ini siapa punya?
Are there many Chinese in Patani?— Baniak-kah orang China di Patani?
Was it truly he who did it?— Sunggoh-kah dia yang buat?
Is it this one or another?— Ini-kah atau lain-kah?
Is it going to rain?— Handak hujan-kah?
What is the price of this?— Bĕrapa harga ini?
What is the news? (How goes it?)— Apa khabar?
How could I dare to do it ?— Macham mana sahaya bĕrani buat?
Exercise.Where is my jacket? What did he say? Why do you come here? Are there any dollars in the box? How many times has it rained this month? Whose tin is this? Who brought this tobacco? Did you demand the money from his father? Whence did you obtain this news? Did you order him to bring the coffee? How many miles (lit. stones) is it to the market? Shall I cut down this tree? Have you seen that play? Who was that who brought the fish? What kind of animal is that? When were you at the house? Why do they not enter?
Sometimes the word apa at the commencement of a sentence gives it an interrogative sense;1 as apa, tuan ta’ makan daging karbau? do you not eat buffalo meat? apa tiada-kah sukar leher bangau itu? what! would not the stork’s neck be inconveniently long? apa tiada-kah tuan-hamba kenal akan bangau itu? does not my lord recognise that stork?2
1. Like the Hindustani kya or the Latin an, num. Forbes’ Hindustani Manual.
2. Sri Rama. Favre’s Grammar, p. 92.
LESSON VI. Formation of Negative Sentences.Tidak, no.
Tiada, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, &c.).
Bukan, no, not.
Jangan, don’t, let not.
Antah, I know not; who knows? there is no saying.
Jangan-kan, not only, not, so far from.
Bukan is a more emphatic denial than tidak. It is also used, either alone or with the affix -kah, to signify is it not? is it not so?
Tiada is generally abbreviated colloquially to t’ada and t’a’ (in Java trada and tra).
Antah is an expression of doubt.
Examples.Yes or no?— Ya atau tidak.
That which is he causes not to be; that which is not he causes to be— Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-kan.
It is nothing = never mind— Tidak apa.
He got no small quantity of fish— Dia men-dapat ikan bukan sadikit.
Her beauty was of no ordinary kind— Molek-nia bukan alang-kapalang.
Is this his house or not?— Ini-kah rumah dia atau bukan?
Indescribable, wonderful— Bukan buat-an lagi (lit. it was no longer doing).
You said just
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