Roswitha, also known as Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, was a tenth century German canoness, dramatist, and poet. A remarkable woman, she has been called the first Western playwright since antiquity as well as the first known woman playwright. She was inspired by the Roman comic playwright Terence, who wrote six farces filled with disguises, misunderstandings, and pagan debauchery. Upset by Terenceβs immoral subject matter but also inspired by his well-crafted plays, Roswitha sought to βChristianizeβ his work by writing six plays of her own.
Roswitha wrote six dramas in Latin. Two are concerned with the conversation of nonbelievers (Gallicanus and Callimachus), two are concerned with the repentance of sinners (Abraham and Paphnutius), and two are concerned with the martyrdom of virgins (Dulcitus and Sapientia).
This edition, originally published in 1923, includes an introduction by Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet (an English Benedictine monk and scholar), a critical preface by the translator (Christopher St. John), and prefaces written by Roswitha herself.
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body unspotted, and your mind pure and holy.
Mary
It would be too great an honour for any human being to become like the stars.
Ephrem
If you choose you can be as the angels of God, and when at last you cast off the burden of this mortal body they will be near you. With them you will pass through the air, and walk on the sky. With them you will sweep round the zodiac, and never slacken your steps until the Virginβs Son takes you in His arms in His motherβs dazzling bridal room!
Mary
Who but an ass would think little of such happiness! So I choose to despise the things of earth, and deny myself now that I may enjoy it!
Ephrem
Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings! A childish heart, but a mature mind!
Abraham
God be thanked for it!
Ephrem
Amen to that.
Abraham
But though by Godβs grace she has been given the light, at her tender age she must be taught how to use it.
Ephrem
You are right.
Abraham
I will build her a little cell with a narrow entrance near my hermitage. I can visit her there often, and through the window instruct her in the psalter and other pages of the divine law.
Ephrem
That is a good plan.
Mary
I put myself under your direction, Father Ephrem.
Ephrem
My daughter! May the Heavenly Bridegroom to Whom you have given yourself in the tender bud of your youth shield you from the wiles of the devil!
Scene III
Abraham
Brother Ephrem, Brother Ephrem! When anything happens, good or bad, it is to you I turn. It is your counsel I seek. Do not turn your face away, brotherβ βdo not be impatient, but help me.
Ephrem
Abraham, Abraham, what has come to you? What is the cause of this immoderate grief? Ought a hermit to weep and groan after the manner of the world?
Abraham
Was any hermit ever so stricken? I cannot bear my sorrow.
Ephrem
Brother, no more of this. To the point; what has happened?
Abraham
Mary! Mary! my adopted child! Mary, whom I cared for so lovingly and taught with all my skill for ten years! Maryβ β
Ephrem
Well, what is it?
Abraham
Oh God! She is lost!
Ephrem
Lost? What do you mean?
Abraham
Most miserably. Afterwards she ran away.
Ephrem
But by what wiles did the ancient enemy bring about her undoing?
Abraham
By the wiles of false love. Dressed in a monkβs habit, the hypocrite went to see her often. He succeeded in making the poor ignorant child love him. She leapt from the window of her cell for an evil deed.
Ephrem
I shudder as I listen to you.
Abraham
When the unhappy girl knew that she was ruined, she beat her breast and dug her nails into her face. She tore her garments, pulled out her hair. Her despairing cries were terrible to hear.
Ephrem
I am not surprised. For such a fall a whole fountain of tears should rise.
Abraham
She moaned out that she could never be the sameβ β
Ephrem
Poor, miserable girl!
Abraham
And reproached herself for having forgotten our warning.
Ephrem
She might well do so.
Abraham
She cried that all her vigils, prayers, and fasts had been thrown away.
Ephrem
If she perseveres in this penitence she will be saved.
Abraham
She has not persevered. She has added worse to her evil deed.
Ephrem
Oh, this moves me to the depths of my heart!
Abraham
After all these tears and lamentations she was overcome by remorse, and fell headlong into the abyss of despair.
Ephrem
A bitter business!
Abraham
She despaired of being able to win pardon, and resolved to go back to the world and its vanities.
Ephrem
I cannot remember when the devil could boast of such a triumph over the hermits.
Abraham
Now we are at the mercy of the demons.
Ephrem
I marvel that she could have escaped without your knowledge.
Abraham
If I had not been so blind! I ought to have paid more heed to that terrible vision. Yes, I see now that it was sent to warn me.
Ephrem
What vision?
Abraham
I dreamed I was standing at the door of my cell, and that a huge dragon with a loathsome stench rushed violently towards me. I saw that the creature was attracted by a little white dove at my side. It pounced on the dove, devoured it, and vanished.
Ephrem
There is no doubt what this vision meant.
Abraham
When I woke I turned over in my mind what I had seen, and took it as a sign of some persecution threatening the Church, through which many of the faithful would be drawn into error. I prostrated myself in prayer, and implored Him Who knows the future to enlighten me.
Ephrem
You did right.
Abraham
On the third night after the vision, when for weariness I had fallen asleep, I saw the beast again, but now it was lying dead at my feet, and the dove was flying heavenwards safe and unhurt.
Ephrem
I am rejoiced to hear this, for to my thinking it means that some day Mary will return to you.
Abraham
I was trying to get rid of the uneasiness with which the first vision had filled me by thinking of the second, when my little pupil in her cell came to my mind. I remembered, although at the time I was not alarmed, that for two days I had not heard her chanting the divine praises.
Ephrem
You were too tardy in noticing this.
Abraham
I admit it. I went at once to her cell, and, knocking at the window, I called her again and again, βMary! My child! Mary!β
Ephrem
You called in vain?
Abraham
βMary,β I said. βMary, my child, what is wrong? Why are you not saying your office?β It was only when I did not hear the faintest sound that I suspected.
Ephrem
What did you do then?
Abraham
When I could no longer doubt that she had gone, I was struck with fear to my very bowels. I trembled in every limb.
Ephrem
I do not wonder, since I, hearing of it, find myself trembling all over.
Abraham
Then I wept
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