Roswitha, also known as Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, was a tenth century German canoness, dramatist, and poet. A remarkable woman, she has been called the first Western playwright since antiquity as well as the first known woman playwright. She was inspired by the Roman comic playwright Terence, who wrote six farces filled with disguises, misunderstandings, and pagan debauchery. Upset by Terenceβs immoral subject matter but also inspired by his well-crafted plays, Roswitha sought to βChristianizeβ his work by writing six plays of her own.
Roswitha wrote six dramas in Latin. Two are concerned with the conversation of nonbelievers (Gallicanus and Callimachus), two are concerned with the repentance of sinners (Abraham and Paphnutius), and two are concerned with the martyrdom of virgins (Dulcitus and Sapientia).
This edition, originally published in 1923, includes an introduction by Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet (an English Benedictine monk and scholar), a critical preface by the translator (Christopher St. John), and prefaces written by Roswitha herself.
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sorely is that in my presence just now she prayed for death. She begged she might die.
John
You know her reason?
Andronicus
I know it, and will tell you when I am less sick with grief.
John
Come. We must celebrate the funeral rites with proper ceremony.
Andronicus
There is a marble tomb near here in which the body shall be laid, and our steward Fortunatus shall guard her grave.
John
It is right that she should be interred with honour. God rest her soul in peace.
Scene VI
Callimachus
Fortunatus, Fortunatus, what is to become of me? Death itself cannot quench my love for Drusiana!
Fortunatus
Poor wretch!
Callimachus
I shall die if you do not help me.
Fortunatus
How can I help you?
Callimachus
In this. You can let me look on her, dead.
Fortunatus
Up to now the body is sound and whole, I reckon because it was not wasted with disease. As you know she was taken in a moment by a fever.
Callimachus
Oh, how happy I should be if I might see for myself.
Fortunatus
If you are willing to pay me well, you can do what you like.
Callimachus
Here, take all I have with me, and be sure that I will give you more, much more, later.
Fortunatus
Quick, then! Weβll go to the tomb.
Callimachus
You cannot go quickly enough for me.
Scene VII
Fortunatus
There lies the body. The face is not like the face of a corpse. The limbs show no sign of decay. You can take her to your heart.
Callimachus
O Drusiana, Drusiana, I worshipped you with my whole soul! I yearned from my very bowels to embrace you! And you repulsed me, and thwarted my desire. Now you are in my power, now I can wound you with my kisses, and pour out my love on you.
Fortunatus
Take care! A monstrous serpent! It is coming towards us!
Callimachus
A curse on me! And on you, Fortunatus, who led me on and urged me to this infamy. Wretch, may you die from the serpentβs bite! Terror and remorse are killing me.
Scene VIII
John
Come, Andronicus, let us go to Drusianaβs tomb, and commend her soul to Christ in prayer.
Andronicus
It is like your holiness not to forget one who trusted in you.
John
Behold! The invisible God appears to us, made visible in the form of a beautiful youth.
Andronicus
To the Spectators. Tremble.8
John
Lord Jesus, why hast Thou deigned to manifest Thyself to Thy servants in this place?
God
To raise Drusiana from the dead, and with her him who lies outside her tomb, have I come, that in them My Name may be glorified.
Andronicus
How swiftly He was caught up again into heaven!
John
I cannot altogether understand what this means.
Andronicus
Let us go on to the tomb. It may be that there what is now obscure will become clear.
Scene IX
John
In Christβs name, what miracle is this? The sepulchre is open, and Drusianaβs body has been cast forth. And near it lie two other corpses enlaced in a serpentβs coils.
Andronicus
I begin to understand. This is Callimachus, who while he lived was consumed with an unholy passion for Drusiana. It troubled her greatly and her distress brought on a fever. She prayed that she might die.
John
Such was her love of chastity.
Andronicus
After her death the wretched man, crazed with love, and stung by the defeat of his wicked plan, was still more inflamed by desire.
John
Pitiable creature!
Andronicus
I have no doubt that he bribed this unworthy servant to give him the opportunity for committing a detestable crime.
John
It is not to be believed!
Andronicus
But death struck both of them down before the deed was accomplished.
John
They met their deserts.
Andronicus
What astonishes me most is that the Divine Voice should have promised the resurrection of him who planned the crime, and not of him who was only an accomplice. Maybe it is because the one, blinded by the passion of the flesh, knew not what he did, while the other sinned of deliberate malice.
John
With what wonderful exactness the Supreme Judge examines the deeds of men! How even the scales in which He weighs the merits of each individual man! None can understand, none explain. Human wisdom cannot grasp the subtlety of the divine judgment.
Andronicus
So we should be content to marvel at it, as it is not in our power to attain a precise knowledge of the causes of things.
John
Often the sequel teaches us to understand better.
Andronicus
Then, blessed John, do now what you were told to do. Raise Callimachus to life, and the knot of our perplexity may be untied.
John
First I must invoke the name of Christ to drive away the serpent. Then Callimachus shall be raised.
Andronicus
You are right; else the venom of the creature might do him fresh injury.
John
Hence, savage monster! Away from this man, for now he is to serve Christ.
Andronicus
Although the beast has no reason, it heeds your command.
John
Not through my power, but through Christβs, it obeys me.
Andronicus
Look! As swift as thought it has vanished!
John
O God, the world cannot contain nor the mind of man comprehend the wonders of Thy incalculable unity, Thou Who alone art what Thou art! O Thou Who by mingling different elements canst create man, and by separating those elements again canst dissolve him, grant that the spirit and the body of this Callimachus may be joined once more, and that he may rise again wholly as he was, so that all looking on him may praise Thee, Who alone canst work miracles!
Andronicus
Look! The breath of life stirs in him again, but he does not move.
John
Calhmachus! In the name of Christ, arise, and confess your sin! Do not keep back the smallest grain of the truth.
Callimachus
I cannot deny that I came here for an evil purpose, but the pangs of love consumed me. I was beside myself.
John
What mad folly possessed you? That you should dare think of such
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