Roswitha, also known as Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, was a tenth century German canoness, dramatist, and poet. A remarkable woman, she has been called the first Western playwright since antiquity as well as the first known woman playwright. She was inspired by the Roman comic playwright Terence, who wrote six farces filled with disguises, misunderstandings, and pagan debauchery. Upset by Terenceβs immoral subject matter but also inspired by his well-crafted plays, Roswitha sought to βChristianizeβ his work by writing six plays of her own.
Roswitha wrote six dramas in Latin. Two are concerned with the conversation of nonbelievers (Gallicanus and Callimachus), two are concerned with the repentance of sinners (Abraham and Paphnutius), and two are concerned with the martyrdom of virgins (Dulcitus and Sapientia).
This edition, originally published in 1923, includes an introduction by Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet (an English Benedictine monk and scholar), a critical preface by the translator (Christopher St. John), and prefaces written by Roswitha herself.
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to be treated differently?
Sisinnius
She is young, and besides she may be more easily influenced when not intimidated by her sisters.
Soldiers
That may be so.
Scene XI
Soldiers
We have brought the girls you asked for.
Sisinnius
Agape, and you, Chionia, take my advice.
Agape
And if we do, what then?
Sisinnius
You will sacrifice to the gods.
Agape
We offer a perpetual sacrifice of praise to the true God, the eternal Father, to His Son, co-eternal, and to the Holy Ghost.
Sisinnius
I do not speak of that sacrifice. That is prohibited on pain of the most severe penalties.
Agape
You have no power over us, and can never compel us to sacrifice to demons.
Sisinnius
Do not be obstinate. Sacrifice to the gods, or by order of the Emperor Diocletian I must put you to death.
Chionia
Your Emperor has ordered you to put us to death, and you must obey, as we scorn his decree. If you were to spare us out of pity, you also would die.
Sisinnius
Come, soldiers! Seize these blasphemers and fling them alive into the flames.
Soldiers
We will build a pyre at once. The fierceness of the fire will soon put an end to their insolence.
Agape
O Lord, we know Thy power! It would not be anything strange or new if the fire forgot its nature and obeyed Thee. But we are weary of this world, and we implore Thee to break the bonds that chain our souls, and to let our bodies be consumed that we may rejoice with Thee in heaven.
Soldiers
O wonderful, most wonderful! Their spirits have left their bodies, but there is no sign of any hurt. Neither their hair, nor their garments, much less their bodies, have been touched by the flames!
Sisinnius
Bring Irena here.
Soldiers
There she is.
Scene XII
Sisinnius
Irena, take warning from the fate of your sisters, and tremble, for if you follow their example you will perish.
Irena
I long to follow their example, and to die, that I may share their eternal joy.
Sisinnius
Yield, yield!
Irena
I will yield to no man who persuades me to sin.
Sisinnius
If you persist in your refusal, I shall not grant you a swift death. I shall eke it out and every day I shall increase and renew your torments.
Irena
The greater my pain, the greater my glory!
Sisinnius
You are not afraid of being tortured, I know, but I can use another means that will be abhorrent to you.
Irena
By Christβs help I shall escape from all you can devise against me.
Sisinnius
I can send you to a house of ill-fame, where your body will be abominably defiled.
Irena
Better far that my body should suffer outrage than my soul.
Sisinnius
When you are dishonoured and forced to live among harlots, you can no longer be numbered among the virgins.
Irena
The wage of sin is death; the wage of suffering a crown. If the soul does not consent, there is not guilt.
Sisinnius
In vain I try to spare her, and show pity to her youth!
Soldiers
We could have told you as much. She is not to be frightened, and nothing can make her worship the gods.
Sisinnius
I will show her no more mercy.
Soldiers
That is the only way to deal with her.
Sisinnius
Have no pity. Be rough with her, and drag her to the lowest brothel you can find.
Irena
They will never take me there.
Sisinnius
Indeed! What can prevent them?
Irena
The power that rules the world.
Sisinnius
We shall see.
Irena
Yes! Sooner than you will like!
Sisinnius
Soldiers, do not let the absurd prophecies of this woman interfere with your duty.
Soldiers
We are not likely to be frightened by a slip of a girl! We will carry out your orders at once.
Scene XIII
Sisinnius
Who are these men hurrying towards us? They cannot be the soldiers who took away Irena. Yet they resemble them. Yes, these are the men! Why have you returned so suddenly? Why are you panting for breath?
Soldiers
We ran back to find you.
Sisinnius
Where is the girl?
Soldiers
On the crest of the mountain.
Sisinnius
What mountain?
Soldiers
The mountain yonder, nearest this place.
Sisinnius
O fools, madmen! Have you lost your senses?
Soldiers
Whatβs the matter? Why do you look at us so threateningly, and speak with such anger?
Sisinnius
May the gods crush you with their thunder!
Soldiers
What have we done? How have we offended? We have only obeyed your orders.
Sisinnius
Fools! Did I not tell you to take this rebellious girl to a brothel?
Soldiers
That is so, but while we were on the way up came two young strangers and told us you had sent them to take Irena to the summit of the mountain.
Sisinnius
I learn this for the first time from you.
Soldiers
So we see.
Sisinnius
What were these strangers like?
Soldiers
They were gorgeously dressed and looked like people of rank.
Sisinnius
Did you not follow them?
Soldiers
Yes, we followed them.
Sisinnius
What did they do?
Soldiers
They placed themselves one on each side of Irena, and told us to hasten and tell you what we had seen.
Sisinnius
Then there is nothing to do but for me to mount my horse and ride to the mountain to discover who has dared to play us this trick.
Soldiers
We will come too.
Scene XIV
Sisinnius
What has happened to me? These Christians have bewitched me. I wander blindly round this hill, and when I stumble on a path I can neither follow it nor return upon my steps.
Soldiers
We are all the sport of some strange enchantment. We are exhausted. If you let this madwoman live an hour longer it will be the death of us all.
Sisinnius
Take a bow one of you, bend it as far as you can, and loose a shaft that shall pierce this devilish witch.
Soldiers
Thatβs the way!
Irena
You wretched Sisinnius! Do you not blush for your shameful defeat? Are you not ashamed that you could not overcome the resolution of a little child without resorting to force of arms?
Sisinnius
I accept the shame gladly, since now I am sure
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