Roswitha, also known as Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, was a tenth century German canoness, dramatist, and poet. A remarkable woman, she has been called the first Western playwright since antiquity as well as the first known woman playwright. She was inspired by the Roman comic playwright Terence, who wrote six farces filled with disguises, misunderstandings, and pagan debauchery. Upset by Terenceβs immoral subject matter but also inspired by his well-crafted plays, Roswitha sought to βChristianizeβ his work by writing six plays of her own.
Roswitha wrote six dramas in Latin. Two are concerned with the conversation of nonbelievers (Gallicanus and Callimachus), two are concerned with the repentance of sinners (Abraham and Paphnutius), and two are concerned with the martyrdom of virgins (Dulcitus and Sapientia).
This edition, originally published in 1923, includes an introduction by Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet (an English Benedictine monk and scholar), a critical preface by the translator (Christopher St. John), and prefaces written by Roswitha herself.
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epub:type="ordinal z3998:roman">XI
Constantine
I am greatly astonished, soldiers, that Gallicanus should be so long in presenting himself before his sovereign.
Soldiers
The moment he arrived in Rome he went to the Church of Saint Peter, and, prostrating himself on the ground, gave thanks to the Almighty for giving him the victory.
Constantine
Gallicanus?
Soldiers
It is true.
Constantine
Impossible!
Soldiers
Here he comes. You can ask him yourself.
Scene XII
Constantine
Welcome, Gallicanus! I have awaited your arrival with impatience. I long to hear from your own lips how the battle went and how it ended.
Gallicanus
I will tell you the whole story.
Constantine
Wait a moment, for even the battle is of small importance compared with the one thing which I want most to hear.
Gallicanus
What may that be?
Constantine
On your departure for the war you visited the temple of the gods; on your return you went to the Church of the Apostles. Why?
Gallicanus
You ask that?
Constantine
Have I not told you, man, that I wish to know above all things!
Gallicanus
I will explain.
Constantine
Proceed, I beg you.
Gallicanus
Most Sacred Emperor, I confess I visited the temples on my departure, as you have said, and humbly sought the help of gods and demons.
Constantine
According to the old Roman custom.
Gallicanus
To my thinking, a bad custom.
Constantine
I am of the same mind.
Gallicanus
Then the tribunes arrived with their legions and we began our march.
Constantine
You set out from Rome with great pomp.
Gallicanus
We pushed on, met the enemy, engaged them, and were defeated.
Constantine
Romans defeated!
Gallicanus
Routed.
Constantine
When was such a disaster ever known in our history!
Gallicanus
Once again I offered those hideous sacrifices, but what god came to my help? The fury of the enemy redoubled, and great numbers of my men were slain.
Constantine
I am amazed.
Gallicanus
It was then that the tribunes, disregarding my orders, began to surrender.
Constantine
To the enemy?
Gallicanus
To the enemy.
Constantine
And what did you do?
Gallicanus
What could I do but take to flight?
Constantine
Impossible!
Gallicanus
It is true.
Constantine
What anguish for a man of your courage!
Gallicanus
The sharpest.
Constantine
And how did you escape?
Gallicanus
My faithful companions, John and Paul, advised me to make a vow to the Creator.
Constantine
Good advice.
Gallicanus
I found it so. Hardly had I opened my lips to make the vow than I received help from heaven.
Constantine
How?
Gallicanus
A young man of immense stature appeared before me carrying a cross on his shoulder. He bade me follow him sword in hand.
Constantine
This young man, whoever he was, was sent from heaven.
Gallicanus
So it proved. At the same moment I saw at my side some soldiers whose faces were strange to me. They promised me their help.
Constantine
The host of Heaven!
Gallicanus
I am sure of it. Following in the steps of my guide, I advanced fearlessly into the midst of the enemy until I came face to face with their King, by name Bradan. Suddenly overcome by the strangest terror he threw himself at my feet, surrendered with his whole army, and promised to pay tribute in perpetuity to the ruler of the Roman world.
Constantine
Now praise be to Him Who gave us this victory. Those who put their trust in Him will never be confounded.
Gallicanus
My experience witnesses to it.
Constantine
And now I should like to know what became of the treacherous tribunes?
Gallicanus
They hastened to implore my forgiveness.
Constantine
And you showed them mercy?
Gallicanus
I show mercy to men who had abandoned me in the hour of peril and surrendered to the enemy against my orders! No, assuredly!
Constantine
What did you do?
Gallicanus
I offered to pardon them on one condition.
Constantine
What condition?
Gallicanus
I told them that those who consented to become Christians would be allowed to retain their rank, and might even receive fresh honours, but that those who refused would not be pardoned, and would be degraded.
Constantine
A fair proposition, and honourable to the leader who made it.
Gallicanus
For my own part, purified in the waters of baptism, I have surrendered myself completely to the will of God. I am ready to renounce even your daughter, whom I love more than anything in the world. I wish to abstain from marriage that I may devote myself wholly to the service of the Virginβs Son.
Constantine
Come near, nearer yet, and let me fold you in my arms! Now, Gallicanus, the time has come for me to tell you what up to now I have been obliged to keep secret.
Gallicanus
What is it?
Constantine
My daughter, and your own two also, have chosen the same holy path which you yourself wish to follow.
Gallicanus
I rejoice to hear it.
Constantine
Their desire to keep their vow of virginity is so ardent that neither entreaties nor threats can alter their resolution.
Gallicanus
God help them to persevere!
Constantine
Come, let us go to their apartments.
Gallicanus
Lead on. I will follow.
Constantine
They are coming here. Look, they hasten to greet us, and my glorious mother, noble Helena, is with them. They all weep for joy.
Scene XIII
Gallicanus
Be at peace, most holy virgins. Persevere in the fear of God, and preserve untouched the treasure of your virginity. Then you will be worthy of the embraces of the eternal King.
Constance
We shall keep our vows with more joy now we know that you are on our side.
Gallicanus
Have no fear that I shall put any obstacle in your way. Far from it! I consent gladly, and desire nothing better than to see you fulfil your vow, my Constance, you, for whom I was eager to risk life itself.
Constance
I see the hand of the Most High in this change in you.
Gallicanus
If I had not changed, and for the better, I could never have consented to renounce you.
Constance
The Lover of virginal purity and the Author of all good resolutions made you renounce me because He had already claimed me for His own. May He Who has separated us in the body on earth unite us in the joys of eternity.
Gallicanus
So be it! So be it!
Constantine
And now, since we are united in
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