Roswitha, also known as Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, was a tenth century German canoness, dramatist, and poet. A remarkable woman, she has been called the first Western playwright since antiquity as well as the first known woman playwright. She was inspired by the Roman comic playwright Terence, who wrote six farces filled with disguises, misunderstandings, and pagan debauchery. Upset by Terenceโs immoral subject matter but also inspired by his well-crafted plays, Roswitha sought to โChristianizeโ his work by writing six plays of her own.
Roswitha wrote six dramas in Latin. Two are concerned with the conversation of nonbelievers (Gallicanus and Callimachus), two are concerned with the repentance of sinners (Abraham and Paphnutius), and two are concerned with the martyrdom of virgins (Dulcitus and Sapientia).
This edition, originally published in 1923, includes an introduction by Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet (an English Benedictine monk and scholar), a critical preface by the translator (Christopher St. John), and prefaces written by Roswitha herself.
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the bond of Christโs love, you shall live with us in our palace, and be treated with as much honour as though you were our own son.
Gallicanus
What temptation is to be feared more than the lust of the eyes?
Constantine
None, I know.
Gallicanus
Then is it right that I should see her too often? As you know, I love her more than my own kin, more than my life, more than my soul!
Constantine
You must do what you think best.
Gallicanus
Thanks to our Lord Christ and to my labours, your army was never so strong as now. Give me leave, then, to transfer my service to that Emperor through Whose power I have returned victorious, and to Whom I owe any success I have won in life.
Constantine
To Him be praise and glory. All creatures should serve Him.
Gallicanus
Above all those whom He has generously helped in time of need.
Constantine
That is true.
Gallicanus
I am giving to my daughters the portion of my property which is theirs by right. Another I am devoting to the support of pilgrims. With the remainder I propose to enrich my slavesโ โwhom I have freedโ โand to relieve the poor.
Constantine
You are disposing of your wealth wisely, and you will be rewarded.
Gallicanus
As for me, I long to go to Ostia and become the disciple of the holy man, Hilarion. In his brotherhood I hope to spend the rest of my life praising God and helping the poor.
Constantine
May the Divine Being to Whom all things are possible bring your plans to a happy issue! May you always do the will of Him Who lives and reigns in the Unity of the Trinity, and at last attain eternal joy!
Gallicanus
Amen.
Part II
Scene I
Julian
The cause of the unrest in our Empire is clear enough. These Christians enjoy too much liberty. Their claim that they obey laws made in the time of Constantine is false.
Consuls
It would be a disgrace to tolerate it.
Julian
I do not intend to tolerate it.
Consuls
Those words are worthy of you.
Julian
Soldiers, arm yourselves and strip the Christians of all they possess. Remind them of these words of their Christ: โHe who does not renounce all that he possesses for my sake cannot be my disciple.โ
Soldiers
We will carry out your orders instantly.
Scene II
Consuls
The soldiers have returned.
Julian
Is all well?
Soldiers
Well indeed.
Julian
Why have you returned so soon?
Soldiers
We will tell you. We had planned to seize Gallicanusโs castle and occupy it in your name. But no sooner did one of us set foot on the threshold than he was straightway stricken with leprosy or madness.
Julian
Return and force Gallicanus to quit the realm or sacrifice to the gods.
Scene III
Gallicanus
Do not waste your breath, fellows. Your advice is useless. I hold all that exists beneath the sun as nothing compared with eternal life. Banished for Christโs sake, I shall retire to Alexandria, where I hope to win the martyrโs crown.
Scene IV
Soldiers
Gallicanus, exiled by your orders, fled to Alexandria. He was arrested in that city by the Governor, Ratianus, and has perished by the sword.
Julian
That is well.
Soldiers
But John and Paul still defy you.
Julian
What are they doing?
Soldiers
Travelling up and down the country giving away the fortune Constance left them.
Julian
Bring them before me.
Soldiers
They are here.
Scene V
Julian
John and Paul, from the cradle you have been attached to the Emperorโs household. You served my predecessor.
John
That is so.
Julian
Then what could be more fitting than that you should serve me also in this palace where you were brought up?
Paul
We will not serve you.
Julian
You refuse?
John
We have said it.
Julian
Do you deny that I am Augustus?
Paul
No, but we say you are Augustus with a difference.
Julian
How do I differ from my predecessors?
John
In your religion and your virtue.
Julian
What do you mean?
Paul
We mean that those most famous and glorious princes, Constantine, Constantius and Constance, whom we served, were very Christian rulers who were zealous in the service of God.
Julian
I know, but in this I do not choose to follow their example.
Paul
You follow worse examples. They frequented the churches and, laying their diadems on the ground, adored Jesus Christ on their knees.
Julian
And you think that I should imitate them?
John
You are not made of the same stuff.
Paul
By doing homage to the Creator they elevated the Imperial dignityโ โyes, they transfigured it with the splendour of their virtue and their holy lives. So they deserved the success which crowned their enterprises.
Julian
As I do.
John
In a very different way, for the divine grace was with them.
Julian
Absurd! Once I too was fool enough to believe in these meaningless practices. I was a priest of your Church.
John
Do you hear, Paul? How do you like this priest?
Paul
Very wellโ โas the devilโs chaplain.
Julian
But when I found that there was nothing to be gained from it, I turned to the worship of the true Roman gods, thanks to whom I have been raised to the highest pinnacle of power.
John
You cut us short with this boast to avoid hearing the righteous praised.
Julian
What is it to me?
Paul
Nothing; but we would add something which does concern you. When the world was no longer worthy of those princes, they were summoned to the choir of angels, and this unhappy realm fell under your power.
Julian
Why unhappy?
John
Because of the character of its ruler.
Paul
Have you not renounced the true religion and adopted the superstitions of idolatry? Because of this we have shunned you and your court.
Julian
You show yourselves greatly wanting in the respect due to me, yet I am ready to pardon your presumption and raise you to the highest office in my palace.
John
You waste your breath, apostate! We shall yield neither to blandishments nor threats.
Julian
I will give you ten daysโ grace, in the hope that you will come to
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