Roswitha, also known as Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, was a tenth century German canoness, dramatist, and poet. A remarkable woman, she has been called the first Western playwright since antiquity as well as the first known woman playwright. She was inspired by the Roman comic playwright Terence, who wrote six farces filled with disguises, misunderstandings, and pagan debauchery. Upset by Terenceβs immoral subject matter but also inspired by his well-crafted plays, Roswitha sought to βChristianizeβ his work by writing six plays of her own.
Roswitha wrote six dramas in Latin. Two are concerned with the conversation of nonbelievers (Gallicanus and Callimachus), two are concerned with the repentance of sinners (Abraham and Paphnutius), and two are concerned with the martyrdom of virgins (Dulcitus and Sapientia).
This edition, originally published in 1923, includes an introduction by Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet (an English Benedictine monk and scholar), a critical preface by the translator (Christopher St. John), and prefaces written by Roswitha herself.
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who seeks to gain the love which I can give only to Thee, be turned from his unlawful purpose. Take his daughters to Thyself, and pour the sweetness of Thy love into their hearts that they may despise all carnal bonds, and be admitted to the blessed company of virgins who are consecrated to Thee!
Artemia
Hail, most noble Constance! Imperial highness, hail!
Constance
Greeting, my sisters, Artemia and Attica. Stand up, stand up! No, do not kneel. Salute me rather with a loving kiss.
Artemia
We come joyfully to offer you our homage, lady. We are ready to serve you with our whole hearts, and we seek no reward but your love.
Constance
We have one Lord Who is in heaven. He alone should be served like that. We owe Him a love and fidelity which must be shown not only with whole hearts but with whole bodies. That is if we would enter His kingdom with the virginβs palm.
Artemia
We do not question this. You will find us eager to obey you in all things, but never so eager as when you exhort us to confess our faith and keep our vow of purity.
Constance
That is a good answer, and one worthy of a noble mind. I see that through divine grace you already have the faith.
Artemia
How could we poor idolators have any good thought if light had not been given us from above?
Constance
The strength of your faith makes me hope that Gallicanus too will believe some day.
Artemia
He has only to be taught. Then he must believe.
Constance
Send for John and Paul.
Scene VI
John
You sent for us, Highness. We are here.
Constance
Go at once to Gallicanus and attach yourselves to his person. Instruct him little by little in the mysteries of our faith. Perhaps God means to make us the instruments of winning him to His service.
Paul
God give us success! We shall do all we can.
Scene VII
Gallicanus
You are welcome, Johnβ βand you, Paul. I have awaited your coming with impatience.
John
As soon as we received our ladyβs commands we hastened at once to put ourselves at your service.
Gallicanus
Your offer to serve me gives me a pleasure that nothing else could give.
Paul
That is natural, for, as the saying goes, βThe friends of our friends are our friends.β
Gallicanus
A true saying.
John
The love our lady bears you assures us of your goodwill.
Gallicanus
You can rely on it. Come, tribunes and centurions, assemble the troops. Soldiers in my command, I present to you John and Paul, for whose arrival our departure has been delayed.
Tribunes
Lead us on. The tribunes gather round Gallicanus.7
Gallicanus
We must first go to the Capitol, and visit the temples to propitiate the gods with the customary sacrifices. That is the way to obtain success for our arms.
Tribunes
That is certain.
John
Let us withdraw for a time.
Paul
We cannot do otherwise.
Scene VIII
John
The General is leaving the temple. Let us mount our horses and ride to meet him.
Paul
This moment.
Gallicanus
I noticed you were not with us. Where have you been?
John
We were seeing to our baggage. We have sent it on ahead that we may ride with you unencumbered.
Gallicanus
Well planned!
Scene IX
Gallicanus
By Jupiter, tribunes, I see the legions of an immense army advancing! The diversity of their arms is enough to make the stoutest heart tremble.
Tribunes
By Hercules, the enemy!
Gallicanus
Let us resist with courage, and show them we are men!
Tribunes
It is useless to attempt resistance to such a host.
Gallicanus
What, then, do you propose?
Tribunes
Surrender.
Gallicanus
Apollo forbid!
Tribunes
By Pollux, we must surrender! See, we are surrounded on every sideβ βwe are being mown downβ βwe perish!
Gallicanus
Ye gods! What will happen if the tribunes refuse to obey me, and surrender?
John
Promise you will become a Christian, and you will conquer.
Gallicanus
I swear! And I will keep my vow.
One of the Enemy
Woe to us, King Bradan! Fortune, who but now promised us victory, was mocking us. Our men are weakening, their strength is exhaustedβ βthey have lost heart and are giving up the struggle.
Bradan
I am uncertain what to do. A strange faintheartedness has seized me also. There is but one courseβ βwe must surrender.
The Enemy
There is nothing else to do.
Bradan
Gallicanus, do not destroy us! Be merciful! Spare our lives and do with us what you will.
Gallicanus
Have no fear. There is no need to tremble. Give me hostages, acknowledge yourselves tributaries of the Emperor, and you shall live happy under a Roman peace.
Bradan
You have only to name the number and rank of the hostages, and the tribute to be exacted.
Gallicanus
Soldiers, lay down arms. Slay no one, wound no one, but embrace as friends these men whom you had to fight as enemies of the Empire.
John
How much more powerful is one fervent prayer than all the pride of man!
Gallicanus
That is true indeed.
Paul
What mighty succour God in His mercy sends to those who humbly trust in Him!
Gallicanus
I have had good proof of it.
John
But the promise made when the storm was raging must be kept now it is calm.
Gallicanus
I agree. It is my wish to be baptized as soon as possible, and to devote the rest of my life to the service of God.
Paul
You are right.
Scene X
Gallicanus
Look! That vast crowd of citizens has gathered to see our entry into Rome! See how they flock to acclaim us, bearing according to custom the symbols of victory!
John
It is only natural.
Gallicanus
Yet the glorious victory was not won by my valour nor by the help of their gods.
John
No, assuredly; the glory belongs to the one true God.
Gallicanus
That being so, we must pass the temples without going in.
John
A wise decision.
Gallicanus
And instead make a humble confession of faith in the Church of the Apostles.
Paul
O happy man! And most happy thought! In this you show yourself a true Christian.
Scene
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