Roswitha, also known as Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, was a tenth century German canoness, dramatist, and poet. A remarkable woman, she has been called the first Western playwright since antiquity as well as the first known woman playwright. She was inspired by the Roman comic playwright Terence, who wrote six farces filled with disguises, misunderstandings, and pagan debauchery. Upset by Terenceโs immoral subject matter but also inspired by his well-crafted plays, Roswitha sought to โChristianizeโ his work by writing six plays of her own.
Roswitha wrote six dramas in Latin. Two are concerned with the conversation of nonbelievers (Gallicanus and Callimachus), two are concerned with the repentance of sinners (Abraham and Paphnutius), and two are concerned with the martyrdom of virgins (Dulcitus and Sapientia).
This edition, originally published in 1923, includes an introduction by Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet (an English Benedictine monk and scholar), a critical preface by the translator (Christopher St. John), and prefaces written by Roswitha herself.
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the third.
Irena
You will find her as rebellious and as determined to resist.
Diocletian
Irena, you are the youngest in years. Show yourself the oldest in dignity.
Irena
Pray tell me how.
Diocletian
Bow your head to the gods, and set an example to your sisters. It may rebuke and save them.
Irena
Let those who wish to provoke the wrath of the Most High prostrate themselves before idols! I will not dishonour this head which has been anointed with heavenly oil by abasing it at the feet of images.
Diocletian
The worship of the gods does not bring dishonour to those who practise it, but, on the contrary, the greatest honour.
Irena
What could be more shameful baseness, what baser shame, than to venerate slaves as if they were lords?
Diocletian
I do not ask you to worship slaves, but the gods of princes and the rulers of the earth.
Irena
A god who can be bought cheap in the marketplace, what is he but a slave?
Diocletian
Enough of this presumptuous chatter. The rack shall put an end to it!
Irena
That is what we desire. We ask nothing better than to suffer the most cruel tortures for the love of Christ.
Diocletian
Let these obstinate women who dare to defy our authority be laden with chains and thrown into a dungeon. Let them be examined by Governor Dulcitius.
Scene II
Dulcitius
Soldiers, produce your prisoners.
Soldiers
The ones you wanted to see are in there.
Dulcitius
Ye Gods, but these girls are beautiful! What grace, what charm!
Soldiers
Perfect!
Dulcitius
I am enraptured!
Soldiers
No wonder!
Dulcitius
Iโm in love! Do you think they will fall in love with me?
Soldiers
From what we know, you will have little success.
Dulcitius
Why?
Soldiers
Their faith is too strong.
Dulcitius
A few sweet words will work wonders!
Soldiers
They despise flattery.
Dulcitius
Then I shall woo in another fashionโ โwith torture!
Soldiers
They would not care.
Dulcitius
Whatโs to be done, then?
Soldiers
That is for you to find out.
Dulcitius
Lock them in the inner roomโ โthe one leading out of the passage where the pots and pans are kept.
Soldiers
Why there?
Dulcitius
I can visit them oftener.
Soldiers
It shall be done.
Scene III
Dulcitius
What can the prisoners be doing at this hour of night?
Soldiers
They pass the time singing hymns.
Dulcitius
Let us approach.
Soldiers
Now you can hear their silver-sweet voices in the distance.
Dulcitius
Take your torches, and guard the doors. I will go in and enjoy myself in those lovely arms!
Soldiers
Enter. We will wait for you here.
Scene IV
Agape
What noise is that outside the door?
Irena
It is that wretch Dulcitius.
Chionia
Now may God protect us!
Agape
Amen.
Chionia
There is more noise! It sounds like the clashing of pots and pans and fire-irons.
Irena
I will go and look. Come quick and peep through the crack of the door!
Agape
What is it?
Irena
Oh, look! He must be out of his senses! I believe he thinks that he is kissing us.
Agape
What is he doing?
Irena
Now he presses the saucepans tenderly to his breast, now the kettles and frying-pans! He is kissing them hard!
Chionia
How absurd!
Irena
His face, his hands, his clothes! They are all as black as soot. He looks like an Ethiope.
Agape
I am glad. His body should turn blackโ โto match his soul, which is possessed of a devil.
Irena
Look! He is going now. Let us watch the soldiers and see what they do when he goes out.
Scene V
Soldiers
Whatโs this? Either one possessed by the devil, or the devil himself. Letโs be off!
Dulcitius
Soldiers, soldiers! Why do you hurry away? Stay, wait! Light me to my house with your torches.
Soldiers
The voice is our masterโs voice, but the face is a devilโs. Come, letโs take to our heels! This devil means us no good.
Dulcitius
I will hasten to the palace. I will tell the whole court how I have been insulted.
Scene VI
Dulcitius
Ushers, admit me at once. I have important business with the Emperor.
Ushers
Who is this fearsome, horrid monster? Coming here in these filthy rags! Come, let us beat him and throw him down the steps. Stop him from coming further.
Dulcitius
Ye gods, what has happened to me? Am I not dressed in my best? Am I not clean and fine in my person? And yet everyone who meets me expresses disgust at the sight of me and treats me as if I were some foul monster! I will go to my wife. She will tell me the truth. But here she comes. Her looks are wild, her hair unbound, and all her household follow her weeping.
Scene VII
Wife of Dulcitius
My lord, my lord, what evil has come on you? Have you lost your reason, Dulcitius? Have the Christ-worshippers put a spell on you?
Dulcitius
Now at last I know! Those artful women have made an ass of me!
Wife of Dulcitius
What troubled me most, and made my heart ache, was that you should not know there was anything amiss with you.
Dulcitius
Those impudent wenches shall be stripped and exposed naked in public. They shall have a taste of the outrage to which I have been subjected!
Scene VIII
Soldiers
Here we are sweating like pigs and whatโs the use? Their clothes cling to their bodies like their own skin. Whatโs more, our chief, who ordered us to strip them, sits there snoring, and thereโs no way of waking him. We will go to the Emperor and tell him all that has passed.
Scene IX
Diocletian
I grieve to hear of the outrageous way in which the Governor Dulcitius has been insulted and hoaxed! But these girls shall not boast of having blasphemed our gods with impunity, or of having made a mock of those who worship them. I will entrust the execution of my vengeance to Count Sisinnius.
Scene X
Sisinnius
Soldiers, where are these impudent hussies who are to be put to the torture?
Soldiers
In there.
Sisinnius
Keep Irena back, and bring the others here.
Soldiers
Why is one
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