Roswitha, also known as Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim, was a tenth century German canoness, dramatist, and poet. A remarkable woman, she has been called the first Western playwright since antiquity as well as the first known woman playwright. She was inspired by the Roman comic playwright Terence, who wrote six farces filled with disguises, misunderstandings, and pagan debauchery. Upset by Terenceβs immoral subject matter but also inspired by his well-crafted plays, Roswitha sought to βChristianizeβ his work by writing six plays of her own.
Roswitha wrote six dramas in Latin. Two are concerned with the conversation of nonbelievers (Gallicanus and Callimachus), two are concerned with the repentance of sinners (Abraham and Paphnutius), and two are concerned with the martyrdom of virgins (Dulcitus and Sapientia).
This edition, originally published in 1923, includes an introduction by Cardinal Francis Aidan Gasquet (an English Benedictine monk and scholar), a critical preface by the translator (Christopher St. John), and prefaces written by Roswitha herself.
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is indifferent to the actions of the sinner, or that He reserves judgment?
Thais
I suppose that the merits of each man are weighed in the balance, and that we shall be punished or rewarded according to our deeds.
Paphnutius
O Christ! How wondrous is Thy patience! How wondrous is Thy love! Even when those who believe in Thee sin deliberately, Thou dost delay their destruction!
Thais
Why do you tremble? Why do you turn pale? Why do you weep?
Paphnutius
I shudder at your presumption. I weep for your damnation. How, knowing what you know, can you destroy men in this manner and ruin so many souls, all precious and immortal?
Thais
Your voice pierces my heart! Strange loverβ βyou are cruel. Pity me!
Paphnutius
Let us pity rather those souls whom you have deprived of the sight of Godβ βof the God Whom you confess! Oh, Thais, you have willfully offended the divine Majesty. That condemns you.
Thais
What do you mean? Why do you threaten me like this?
Paphnutius
Because the punishment of hellfire awaits you if you remain in sin.
Thais
Who are you, who rebuke me so sternly? Oh, you have shaken me to the depths of my terrified heart!
Paphnutius
I would that you could be shaken with fear to your very bowels! I would like to see your delicate body impregnated with terror in every vein, and every fibre, if that would keep you from yielding to the dangerous delights of the flesh.
Thais
And what zest for pleasure do you think is left now in a heart suddenly awakened to a consciousness of guilt! Remorse has killed everything.
Paphnutius
I long to see the thorns of vice cut away, and the choked-up fountain of your tears flowing once more. Tears of repentance are precious in the sight of God.
Thais
Oh, voice that promises mercy! Do you believe, can you hope that one so vile as I, soiled by thousands and thousands of impurities, can make reparation, can ever by any manner of penance obtain pardon?
Paphnutius
Thais, no sin is so great, no crime so black, that it cannot be expiated by tears and penitence, provided they are followed up by deeds.
Thais
Show me, I beg you, my father, what I can do to be reconciled with Him I have offended.
Paphnutius
Despise the world. Leave your dissolute lovers.
Thais
And afterwards? What then?
Paphnutius
You must retire to some solitary place, where you may learn to know yourself and realize the enormity of your sins.
Thais
If you think this will save me, I will not delay a moment.
Paphnutius
I have no doubt it will.
Thais
Yet give me a little time. I must collect the wealth that I have gained through the sins of my bodyβ βall the treasures I have kept too long.
Paphnutius
Do not give them a momentβs thought. There will be no lack of people to find them and make use of them.
Thais
I have another idea in my mind. I did not think of keeping this wealth or of giving it to my friends. Nor would I distribute it among the poor. The wages of sin are no material for good works.
Paphnutius
You are right. What then do you propose to do with your possessions?
Thais
Give them to the flames! Burn them to ashes!
Paphnutius
For what reason?
Thais
That they may no longer exist in the world. Each one was acquired at the cost of an injury to the goodness and beauty of the Creator. Let them burn.
Paphnutius
How you are changed! Grace is on your lips! Your eyes are calm, and impure passions no longer burn in them. Oh, miracle! Is this Thais who was once so greedy for gold? Is this Thais, who seeks so humbly the feet of God?
Thais
God give me grace to change still more. My heart is changed, but this mortal substanceβ βhow shall it be changed?
Paphnutius
It is not difficult for the unchangeable substance to transform us.
Thais
Now I am going to carry out my plan. Fire shall destroy everything I have.
Paphnutius
Go in peace. Then return to me here quickly. Do not delay! I trust your resolution, and yetβ β
Thais
You need not be afraid.
Paphnutius
Thais, come back quickly! God be with you!
Scene IV
Thais
Come, my lovers! Come, all my evil lovers! Hasten, my lovers! Your Thais calls you!
Lovers
That is the voice of Thais. She calls us. Let us make haste. Let us make haste, for by delay we may offend her.
Thais
Come, lovers! Run! Hasten! What makes you so slow? Never has Thais been more impatient for your coming. Come nearer. I have something to tell you all.
Lovers
Oh, Thais, what is the meaning of this pile of faggots? Why are you throwing all those beautiful and precious treasures on the pile?
Thais
You cannot guess? You do not know why I have built this fire?
Lovers
We are amazed. We wonder greatly what is the meaning of it and of your strange looks.
Thais
You would like me to tell you, evil lovers?
Lovers
We long to hear.
Thais
Look, then!
Lovers
Stop, Thais! What are you doing? Are you mad?
Thais
I am not mad. For the first time I am sane, and I rejoice!
Lovers
To waste these pounds of gold, and all the other treasure! Oh, Thais, you have lost your senses! These are beautiful things, precious things, and you burn them!
Thais
All these things I have extorted from you as the price of shameful deeds. I burn them to destroy all hope in you that I shall ever again turn to your love. And now I leave you.
Lovers
Wait, Thais. Oh wait a little, and tell us what has changed you!
Thais
I will not stay. I will not tell you anything. To talk with you has become loathsome.
Lovers
What have we done to deserve this scorn and contempt? Can you accuse us of being unfaithful? What wrong have we done? We have always sought to satisfy your desires. And now you show us this bitter hatred! Unjust woman, what have we done?
Thais
Leave me, or let me leave you.
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